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Hate speech online targets individuals or groups based on identity attributes and spreads rapidly, posing serious social risks. Memes, which combine images and text, have emerged as a nuanced vehicle for disseminating hate speech, often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Xing , Qi Chai , Jie Ma , Jing Tao , Pinghui Wang , Shuming Zhang , Xinping Wang , Hao Wang

When LLM-based multi-agent systems disagree, current practice treats this as noise to be resolved through consensus. We propose it can be signal. We focus on hate speech moderation, a domain where judgments depend on cultural context and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Michał Wawer , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Crowdsourcing has been the prevalent paradigm for creating natural language understanding datasets in recent years. A common crowdsourcing practice is to recruit a small number of high-quality workers, and have them massively generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Mor Geva , Yoav Goldberg , Jonathan Berant

Algorithmic harms are commonly categorized as either allocative or representational. This study specifically addresses the latter, focusing on an examination of current definitions of representational harms to discern what is included and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Jennifer Chien , David Danks

Researchers have proposed the use of generative large language models (LLMs) to label data for research and applied settings. This literature emphasizes the improved performance of these models relative to other natural language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Megan A. Brown , Shubham Atreja , Libby Hemphill , Patrick Y. Wu

The spread of hate speech on social media space is currently a serious issue. The undemanding access to the enormous amount of information being generated on these platforms has led people to post and react with toxic content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Raviraj Joshi

Foundation models that are capable of automating cognitive tasks represent a pivotal technological shift, yet their societal implications remain unclear. These systems promise exciting advances, yet they also risk flooding our information…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Judy Hanwen Shen , Carlos Guestrin

The presence of toxic content has become a major problem for many online communities. Moderators try to limit this problem by implementing more and more refined comment filters, but toxic users are constantly finding new ways to circumvent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Éloi Brassard-Gourdeau , Richard Khoury

In our original article (Sarvet & Stensrud, 2024), we examine twin definitions of "harm" in personalized medicine: one based on predictions of individuals' unmeasurable response types (counterfactual harm), and another based solely on the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-03-25 Aaron L. Sarvet , Mats J. Stensrud

Sentiment analysis is often a crowdsourcing task prone to subjective labels given by many annotators. It is not yet fully understood how the annotation bias of each annotator can be modeled correctly with state-of-the-art methods. However,…

With significant advances in generative AI, new technologies are rapidly being deployed with generative components. Generative models are typically trained on large datasets, resulting in model behaviors that can mimic the worst of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Susan Hao , Piyush Kumar , Sarah Laszlo , Shivani Poddar , Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Renee Shelby

Flood of information is produced in a daily basis through the global Internet usage arising from the on-line interactive communications among users. While this situation contributes significantly to the quality of human life, unfortunately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Spiros V. Georgakopoulos , Sotiris K. Tasoulis , Aristidis G. Vrahatis , Vassilis P. Plagianakos

Having a quality annotated corpus is essential especially for applied research. Despite the recent focus of Web science community on researching about cyberbullying, the community dose not still have standard benchmarks. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Mohammadreza Rezvan , Saeedeh Shekarpour , Lakshika Balasuriya , Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan , Valerie Shalin , Amit Sheth

Decision support systems based on prediction sets help humans solve multiclass classification tasks by narrowing down the set of potential label values to a subset of them, namely a prediction set, and asking them to always predict label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Eleni Straitouri , Suhas Thejaswi , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

Detecting hate speech in online content is essential to ensuring safer digital spaces. While significant progress has been made in text and meme modalities, video-based hate speech detection remains under-explored, hindered by a lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Han Wang , Rui Yang Tan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Disclaimer: This paper is concerned with violent online harassment. To describe the subject at an adequate level of realism, examples of our collected tweets involve violent, threatening, vulgar and hateful speech language in the context of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Mohammadreza Rezvan , Saeedeh Shekarpour , Faisal Alshargi , Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan , Valerie L. Shalin , Amit Sheth

Human-annotated data plays a critical role in the fairness of AI systems, including those that deal with life-altering decisions or moderating human-created web/social media content. Conventionally, annotator disagreements are resolved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Sarah Luger , Saloni Poddar , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Christopher M. Homan

As social media has become a predominant mode of communication globally, the rise of abusive content threatens to undermine civil discourse. Recognizing the critical nature of this issue, a significant body of research has been dedicated to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Xinyu Wang , Sai Koneru , Pranav Narayanan Venkit , Brett Frischmann , Sarah Rajtmajer

Social media platforms are increasingly dominated by long-form multimodal content, where harmful narratives are constructed through a complex interplay of audio, visual, and textual cues. While automated systems can flag hate speech with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Diptesh Kanojia

In this work, we examine the extent to which embeddings may encode marginalized populations differently, and how this may lead to a perpetuation of biases and worsened performance on clinical tasks. We pretrain deep embedding models (BERT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Haoran Zhang , Amy X. Lu , Mohamed Abdalla , Matthew McDermott , Marzyeh Ghassemi