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The use of low-rank adaptation (LoRA) with frozen pretrained language models (PLMs) has become increasing popular as a mainstream, resource-efficient modeling approach for memory-constrained hardware. In this study, we first explore how to…

Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a popular Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning (PEFT) method that effectively adapts large pre-trained models for downstream tasks. LoRA parameterizes model updates using low-rank matrices at each layer,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ignacio Hounie , Charilaos Kanatsoulis , Arnuv Tandon , Alejandro Ribeiro

An important paradigm of natural language processing consists of large-scale pre-training on general domain data and adaptation to particular tasks or domains. As we pre-train larger models, full fine-tuning, which retrains all model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Edward J. Hu , Yelong Shen , Phillip Wallis , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Shean Wang , Lu Wang , Weizhu Chen

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) lowers the computational and memory overhead of fine-tuning large models by updating a low-dimensional subspace of the pre-trained weight matrix. Albeit efficient, LoRA exhibits suboptimal convergence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Self-supervised speech models are a rapidly developing research topic in fake audio detection. Many pre-trained models can serve as feature extractors, learning richer and higher-level speech features. However,when fine-tuning pre-trained…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Chenglong Wang , Jiangyan Yi , Xiaohui Zhang , Jianhua Tao , Le Xu , Ruibo Fu

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models in a parameter-efficient manner is widely studied for its effectiveness and efficiency. The popular method of low-rank adaptation (LoRA) offers a notable approach, hypothesizing that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Ning Ding , Xingtai Lv , Qiaosen Wang , Yulin Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Second-pass rescoring is an important component in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems that is used to improve the outputs from a first-pass decoder by implementing a lattice rescoring or $n$-best re-ranking. While pretraining with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-13 Liyan Xu , Yile Gu , Jari Kolehmainen , Haidar Khan , Ankur Gandhe , Ariya Rastrow , Andreas Stolcke , Ivan Bulyko

Low-rank adapation (LoRA) is a popular method that reduces the number of trainable parameters when finetuning large language models, but still faces acute storage challenges when scaling to even larger models or deploying numerous per-user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Dawid J. Kopiczko , Tijmen Blankevoort , Yuki M. Asano

It is a common practice in natural language processing to pre-train a single model on a general domain and then fine-tune it for downstream tasks. However, when it comes to Large Language Models, fine-tuning the entire model can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Cristian Meo , Ksenia Sycheva , Anirudh Goyal , Justin Dauwels

In this paper we generalize and extend an idea of low-rank adaptation (LoRA) of large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer architecture. Widely used LoRA-like methods of fine-tuning LLMs are based on matrix factorization of gradient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Daniel Bershatsky , Daria Cherniuk , Talgat Daulbaev , Aleksandr Mikhalev , Ivan Oseledets

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has been developed as an efficient approach for adapting large language models (LLMs) by fine-tuning two low-rank matrices, thereby reducing the number of trainable parameters. However, prior research indicates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lin Mu , Xiaoyu Wang , Li Ni , Yang Li , Zhize Wu , Peiquan Jin , Yiwen Zhang

Continual learning in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) faces the dual challenges of catastrophic forgetting and the high computational cost of retraining. This study establishes Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) as a parameter-efficient framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Salvador Carrión , Francisco Casacuberta

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is widely studied for its effectiveness and efficiency in the era of large language models. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has demonstrated commendable performance as a popular and representative method.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zequan Liu , Jiawen Lyn , Wei Zhu , Xing Tian , Yvette Graham

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is a popular method for tailoring pre-trained large language models (LLMs), especially as the models' scale and the diversity of tasks increase. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is based on the idea that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pengjie Ren , Chengshun Shi , Shiguang Wu , Mengqi Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhumin Chen , Jiahuan Pei

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, fine-tuning LLMs is extraordinarily computationally expensive, preventing smaller businesses and research teams with limited GPU resources from engaging with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Daniel Frees , Aditri Bhagirath , Moritz Bolling

The rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, creating an increased need for efficient, task-specific fine-tuning methods. Traditional fine-tuning of LLMs involves updating a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Ayush Singh , Rajdeep Aher , Shivank Garg

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and its variants have delivered strong capability in Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning (PETL) by minimizing trainable parameters and benefiting from reparameterization. However, their projection matrices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yue Zhu , Haiwen Diao , Shang Gao , Jiazuo Yu , Jiawen Zhu , Yunzhi Zhuge , Shuai Hao , Xu Jia , Lu Zhang , Ying Zhang , Huchuan Lu

In fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), conserving computational resources while maintaining effectiveness and improving outcomes within the same computational constraints is crucial. The Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) strategy balances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Xiaojun Xiao , Sen Shen , Qiming Bao , Hongfei Rong , Kairui Liu , Zhongsheng Wang , Jiamou Liu

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a popular method for fine-tuning large-scale pre-trained models in downstream tasks by learning low-rank incremental matrices. Though LoRA and its variants effectively reduce the number of trainable parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Rushi Qiang , Ruiyi Zhang , Pengtao Xie

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models in a parameter-efficient manner is widely studied for its effectiveness and efficiency. LoRA is one of the most widely used methods, which assumes that the optimization process is essentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Changqun Li , Chaofan Ding , Kexin Luan , Xinhan Di
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