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We describe a fault-tolerant version of the one-way quantum computer using a cluster state in three spatial dimensions. Topologically protected quantum gates are realized by choosing appropriate boundary conditions on the cluster. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-24 Robert Raussendorf , Jim Harrington , Kovid Goyal

Magic states are a foundational resource for universal quantum computation. To survive in a realistic noisy environment, magic states must be prepared fault-tolerantly and protected by a quantum error-correcting code. The recent discovery…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Dominic J. Williamson

In certain approaches to quantum computing the operations between qubits are non-deterministic and likely to fail. For example, a distributed quantum processor would achieve scalability by networking together many small components;…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Ying Li , Sean D. Barrett , Thomas M. Stace , Simon C. Benjamin

Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

Logical gates constitute the building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computation. While quantum error-corrected memories have been extensively studied in the literature, explicit constructions and detailed analyses of thresholds and…

In this work, we prove that for any $m>1$, there exists a family of good qudit quantum codes supporting transversal logical $\mathsf{C}^{m-1}\mathsf{Z}$ gates that can address specified logical qudits and be largely executed in parallel.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Virgile Guémard

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is an exciting route to fault-tolerant quantum computing since Gaussian resources and GKP Pauli-eigenstate preparation are sufficient to achieve universal quantum computing. In this work, we provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-08 Mackenzie H. Shaw , Andrew C. Doherty , Arne L. Grimsmo

We show that quantum circuits cannot be made fault-tolerant against a depolarizing noise level of approximately 45%, thereby improving on a previous bound of 50% (due to Razborov). Our precise quantum circuit model enables perfect gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Harry Buhrman , Richard Cleve , Monique Laurent , Noah Linden , Alexander Schrijver , Falk Unger

We systematically construct and classify fault-tolerant logical gates implemented by constant-depth circuits for quantum codes using cohomology operations and symmetry. These logical gates are obtained from unitary operators given by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Po-Shen Hsin , Ryohei Kobayashi , Guanyu Zhu

We introduce the parity-unfolded architecture, a fault-tolerant quantum computing scheme that relies on direct preparation and teleportation of small-angle rotations $ Z^{1/2^{k}}$ rather than approximating them with the conventional…

Transversal gates are the simplest form of fault-tolerant gates and are relatively easy to implement in practice. Yet designing codes that support useful transversal operations -- especially non-Clifford or addressable gates -- remains…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 ChunJun Cao , Brad Lackey

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

It is the prevailing belief that quantum error correcting techniques will be required to build a utility-scale quantum computer able to perform computations that are out of reach of classical computers. The QECCs that have been most…

Qudit, a high-dimensional quantum system, provides a larger Hilbert space to process the quantum information and has shown remarkable advantages over the qubit counterparts. It is a great challenge to realize the high fidelity universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Zhe Meng , Wen-Qiang Liu , Bo-Wen Song , Xiao-Yun Wang , An-Ning Zhang , Zhang-Qi Yin

We generalize the concept of folding from surface codes to CSS codes by considering certain dualities within them. In particular, this gives a general method to implement logical operations in suitable LDPC quantum codes using transversal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Simon Burton

The Clifford algebra over the three-dimensional real linear space includes its linear structure and its exterior algebra, the subspaces spanned by multivectors of the same degree determine a gradation of the Clifford algebra. Through these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-04 Dalia Cervantes , Guillermo Morales-Luna

High-fidelity control of quantum bits is paramount for the reliable execution of quantum algorithms and for achieving fault-tolerance, the ability to correct errors faster than they occur. The central requirement for fault-tolerance is…

Universal quantum computers require fault-tolerant logical qudits, as qudits naturally align with the simulation of multi-level physical systems. Here, we present a general framework and working examples for encoding fault-tolerant logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Sumin Lim

Fault-tolerant quantum computers which can solve hard problems rely on quantum error correction. One of the most promising error correction codes is the surface code, which requires universal gate fidelities exceeding the error correction…