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Unfair stock trading strategies have been shown to be one of the most negative perceptions that customers can have concerning trading and may result in long-term losses for a company. Investment banks usually place trading orders for…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-01-06 Wenhang Bao

Recent studies have shown that deep reinforcement learning (DRL) policies are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which raise concerns about applications of DRL to safety-critical systems. In this work, we adopt a principled way and study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Chao Wang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely studied in the portfolio management task. However, it is challenging to understand a DRL-based trading strategy because of the black-box nature of deep neural networks. In this paper, we…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-12-21 Mao Guan , Xiao-Yang Liu

Dynamic portfolio optimization is the process of sequentially allocating wealth to a collection of assets in some consecutive trading periods, based on investors' return-risk profile. Automating this process with machine learning remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Pengqian Yu , Joon Sern Lee , Ilya Kulyatin , Zekun Shi , Sakyasingha Dasgupta

We introduce the first end-to-end Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based framework for active high frequency trading in the stock market. We train DRL agents to trade one unit of Intel Corporation stock by employing the Proximal Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Antonio Briola , Jeremy Turiel , Riccardo Marcaccioli , Alvaro Cauderan , Tomaso Aste

Attacks on machine learning models have been extensively studied through stateless optimization. In this paper, we demonstrate how a reinforcement learning (RL) agent can learn a new class of attack algorithms that generate adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kyle Domico , Jean-Charles Noirot Ferrand , Ryan Sheatsley , Eric Pauley , Josiah Hanna , Patrick McDaniel

This scientific research paper presents an innovative approach based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to solve the algorithmic trading problem of determining the optimal trading position at any point in time during a trading activity in…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-06-06 Thibaut Théate , Damien Ernst

Safe reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims to ensure policy performance while satisfying safety constraints. However, most existing Safe RL methods assume benign environments, making them vulnerable to adversarial perturbations commonly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jialiang Fan , Shixiong Jiang , Mengyu Liu , Fanxin Kong

We propose the first black-box targeted attack against online deep reinforcement learning through reward poisoning during training time. Our attack is applicable to general environments with unknown dynamics learned by unknown algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yinglun Xu , Gagandeep Singh

Deep learning models are vulnerable to external attacks. In this paper, we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based approach to generate adversarial examples for the pre-trained (target) models. We assume a semi black-box setting where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Mandar Kulkarni

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a well-suited approach to financial decision-making, where an agent makes decisions based on its trading strategy developed from market observations. Existing DRL intraday trading strategies mainly use…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-06-13 Sven Goluža , Tomislav Kovačević , Tessa Bauman , Zvonko Kostanjčar

Machine learning models using transaction records as inputs are popular among financial institutions. The most efficient models use deep-learning architectures similar to those in the NLP community, posing a challenge due to their…

Advances in computing resources have resulted in the increasing complexity of cyber-physical systems (CPS). As the complexity of CPS evolved, the focus has shifted from traditional control methods to deep reinforcement learning-based (DRL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Xian Yeow Lee , Yasaman Esfandiari , Kai Liang Tan , Soumik Sarkar

The autonomous trading agent is one of the most actively studied areas of artificial intelligence to solve the capital market portfolio management problem. The two primary goals of the portfolio management problem are maximizing profit and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-09-10 Wonsup Shin , Seok-Jun Bu , Sung-Bae Cho

We employ deep reinforcement learning (RL) to train an agent to successfully translate a high-frequency trading signal into a trading strategy that places individual limit orders. Based on the ABIDES limit order book simulator, we build a…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-27 Peer Nagy , Jan-Peter Calliess , Stefan Zohren

The state space of Android apps is huge and its thorough exploration during testing remains a major challenge. In fact, the best exploration strategy is highly dependent on the features of the app under test. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Andrea Romdhana , Alessio Merlo , Mariano Ceccato , Paolo Tonella

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, particularly large language models a number of sub-fields of deep learning have made significant progress and are now very useful in everyday applications. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Orson Mengara

Algorithmic trading systems are often completely automated, and deep learning is increasingly receiving attention in this domain. Nonetheless, little is known about the robustness properties of these models. We study valuation models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Micah Goldblum , Avi Schwarzschild , Ankit B. Patel , Tom Goldstein

This paper introduces a potential application of deep learning and artificial intelligence in finance, particularly its application in hedging. The major goal encompasses two objectives. First, we present a framework of a direct policy…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-09 Hyunsu Kim

Adversarial training, the process of training a deep learning model with adversarial data, is one of the most successful adversarial defense methods for deep learning models. We have found that the robustness to white-box attack of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Zhiwen Yan , Teck Khim Ng