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Behavioral experiments on the ultimatum game (UG) reveal that we humans prefer fair acts, which contradicts the prediction made in orthodox Economics. Existing explanations, however, are mostly attributed to exogenous factors within the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guozhong Zheng , Jiqiang Zhang , Xin Ou , Shengfeng Deng , Li Chen

The actions of intelligent agents, such as chatbots, recommender systems, and virtual assistants are typically not fully transparent to the user. Consequently, using such an agent involves the user exposing themselves to the risk that the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-23 The Anh Han , Cedric Perret , Simon T. Powers

Widely considered a cornerstone of human morality, trust shapes many aspects of human social interactions. In this work, we present a theoretical analysis of the $\textit{trust game}$, the canonical task for studying trust in behavioral and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Ardavan S. Nobandegani , Irina Rish , Thomas R. Shultz

Recent paradigm shifts from imitation learning to reinforcement learning (RL) is shown to be productive in understanding human behaviors. In the RL paradigm, individuals search for optimal strategies through interaction with the environment…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-20 Guozhong Zheng , Jiqiang Zhang , Shengfeng Deng , Weiran Cai , Li Chen

Trust is a fundamental concept that underpins the coherence and resilience of social systems and shapes human behavior. Despite the importance of trust as a social and psychological concept, the concept has not gained much attention from…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-03-08 Hussein Abbass , Garrison Greenwood , Eleni Petraki

The trust game, derived from an economics experiment, has recently attracted interest in the field of evolutionary dynamics. In a recent version of the evolutionary trust game, players adopt one of three strategies: investor, trustworthy…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-13 Chaoqian Wang

Trusting others and reciprocating the received trust with trustworthy actions are fundaments of economic and social interactions. The trust game (TG) is widely used for studying trust and trustworthiness and entails a sequential interaction…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-02-19 Ik Soo Lim , Naoki Masuda

The inherent complexity of human beings manifests in a remarkable diversity of responses to intricate environments, enabling us to approach problems from varied perspectives. However, in the study of cooperation, existing research within…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-04 Guozhong Zheng , Zhenwei Ding , Jiqiang Zhang , Shengfeng Deng , Weiran Cai , Li Chen

Punishment is a common tactic to sustain cooperation and has been extensively studied for a long time. While most of previous game-theoretic work adopt the imitation learning where players imitate the strategies who are better off, the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-20 Chenyang Zhao , Guozhong Zheng , Chun Zhang , Jiqiang Zhang , Li Chen

Trust is one of the cornerstones of human society. One of the evolutionary pressure mechanisms that may have led to its emergence is the presence of incentives for trustworthy behavior. However, this type of reward has received relatively…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-10 Haidong Zhang , Chaoqian Wang , Shuo Liu , Charo I. del Genio , Stefano Boccaletti , Xin Lu

Reciprocity is an important feature of human social interaction and underpins our cooperative nature. What is more, simple forms of reciprocity have proved remarkably resilient in matrix game social dilemmas. Most famously, the tit-for-tat…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Tom Eccles , Edward Hughes , János Kramár , Steven Wheelwright , Joel Z. Leibo

Trust and reciprocation of it form the foundation of economic, social and other interactions. While the Trust Game is widely used to study these concepts for interactions between two players, often alternating different roles (i.e.,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-05-21 Ik Soo Lim , Naoki Masuda

Trust and trustworthiness form the basis for continued social and economic interactions, and they are also fundamental for cooperation, fairness, honesty, and indeed for many other forms of prosocial and moral behavior. However, trust…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-01 Aanjaneya Kumar , Valerio Capraro , Matjaz Perc

Trust models are widely used in various computer science disciplines. The main purpose of a trust model is to continuously measure trustworthiness of a set of entities based on their behaviors. In this article, the novel notion of "rational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-26 Mehrdad Nojoumian

Cooperation is the foundation of ecosystems and the human society, and the reinforcement learning provides crucial insight into the mechanism for its emergence. However, most previous work has mostly focused on the self-organization at the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-05-17 Zhen-Wei Ding , Guo-Zhong Zheng , Chao-Ran Cai , Wei-Ran Cai , Li Chen , Ji-Qiang Zhang , Xu-Ming Wang

Simulating bipartite games, such as the trust game, is not straightforward due to the lack of a natural way to distinguish roles in a single population. The square lattice topology can provide a simple yet elegant solution by alternating…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-12 Chaoqian Wang , Wei Zhang , Xinwei Wang , Attila Szolnoki

Trust plays an essential role in the development of human society. According to the standard trust game, an investor decides whether to keep or transfer a certain portion of initial stake to a trustee. In the latter case, the stake is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Ketian Sun , Yang Liu , Xiaojie Chen , Attila Szolnoki

It has a long tradition to study trust behavior among humans or artificial agents by investigating the trust game. Although previous studies based on evolutionary game theory have revealed that trust and trustworthiness can be promoted if…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Linjie Liu , Xiaojie Chen

We explore the behaviour emerging from learning agents repeatedly interacting strategically for a wide range of learning dynamics, including $Q$-learning, projected gradient, replicator and log-barrier dynamics. Going beyond the better…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Galit Askenazi-Golan , Domenico Mergoni Cecchelli , Edward Plumb , Clemens Possnig

Repeated interaction between individuals is the main mechanism for maintaining cooperation in social dilemma situations. Variants of tit-for-tat (repeating the previous action of the opponent) and the win-stay lose-shift strategy are known…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2011-11-08 Shoma Tanabe , Naoki Masuda
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