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Over the past decade, the continuous surge in cloud computing demand has intensified data center workloads, leading to significant carbon emissions and driving the need for improving their efficiency and sustainability. This paper focuses…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Enno Breukelman , Sophie Hall , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a methodology for allocating energy consumption to multiple users of shared data center machines, infrastructure, and software. Google uses this methodology to provide carbon reporting data for enterprise customers of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Ian Schneider , Taylor Mattia

Inter-datacenter communication is a significant part of cloud operations and produces a substantial amount of carbon emissions for cloud data centers, where the environmental impact has already been a pressing issue. In this paper, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Elvis Rodrigues , Jacob Goldverg , Tevfik Kosar

There has been a significant societal push towards sustainable practices, including in computing. Modern interactive workloads such as geo-distributed web-services exhibit various spatiotemporal and performance flexibility, enabling the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Abel Souza , Shruti Jasoria , Basundhara Chakrabarty , Alexander Bridgwater , Axel Lundberg , Filip Skogh , Ahmed Ali-Eldin , David Irwin , Prashant Shenoy

The increasing demand for Artificial Intelligence (AI) computing poses significant environmental challenges, with both operational and embodied carbon emissions becoming major contributors. This paper presents a carbon-aware holistic…

Containers are an emerging technology that hold promise for improving productivity and code portability in scientific computing. We examine Linux container technology for the distribution of a non-trivial scientific computing software stack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Jack S. Hale , Lizao Li , Chris N. Richardson , Garth N. Wells

Containers are standalone, self-contained units that package software and its dependencies together. They offer lightweight performance isolation, fast and flexible deployment, and fine-grained resource sharing. They have gained popularity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Maria A. Rodriguez , Rajkumar Buyya

Data centers are significant contributors to carbon emissions and can strain power systems due to their high electricity consumption. To mitigate this impact and to participate in demand response programs, cloud computing companies strive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Sophie Hall , Francesco Micheli , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Ana Radovanović , Florian Dörfler

An increasing focus on the electricity use and carbon emissions associated with computing has lead to pledges by major cloud computing companies to lower their carbon footprint. Data centers have a unique ability to shift computing load…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-03 Julia Lindberg , Bernard C. Lesieutre , Line A. Roald

Major innovations in computing have been driven by scaling up computing infrastructure, while aggressively optimizing operating costs. The result is a network of worldwide datacenters that consume a large amount of energy, mostly in an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Walid A. Hanafy , Roozbeh Bostandoost , Noman Bashir , David Irwin , Mohammad Hajiesmaili , Prashant Shenoy

The end of Dennard scaling and the slowing of Moore's Law has put the energy use of datacenters on an unsustainable path. Datacenters are already a significant fraction of worldwide electricity use, with application demand scaling at a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Thomas Anderson , Adam Belay , Mosharaf Chowdhury , Asaf Cidon , Irene Zhang

Technology companies have been leading the way to a renewable energy transformation, by investing in renewable energy sources to reduce the carbon footprint of their datacenters. In addition to helping build new solar and wind farms,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Bilge Acun , Benjamin Lee , Fiodar Kazhamiaka , Kiwan Maeng , Manoj Chakkaravarthy , Udit Gupta , David Brooks , Carole-Jean Wu

The carbon footprint of data centers has recently become a critical concern. So far, most carbon-aware strategies have focused on leveraging the flexibility of scheduling decisions for batch processing by shifting the time and location of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Kevin Kreutz , Philipp Wiesner , Monica Vitali

Cloud computing is offering utility-oriented IT services to users worldwide. Based on a pay-as-you-go model, it enables hosting of pervasive applications from consumer, scientific, and business domains. However, data centers hosting Cloud…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-06-03 Rajkumar Buyya , Anton Beloglazov , Jemal Abawajy

The proliferation of latency-critical and compute-intensive edge applications is driving increases in computing demand and carbon emissions at the edge. To better understand carbon emissions at the edge, we analyze granular carbon intensity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Li Wu , Walid A. Hanafy , Abel Souza , Khai Nguyen , Jan Harkes , David Irwin , Mahadev Satyanarayanan , Prashant Shenoy

Recent computing needs have lead technology companies to develop large scale, highly optimized data centers. These data centers represent large loads on electric power networks which have the unique flexibility to shift load both…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-20 Julia Lindberg , Yasmine Abdennadher , Jiaqi Chen , Bernard C. Lesieutre , Line Roald

Cloud computing is revolutionizing the ICT landscape by providing scalable and efficient computing resources on demand. The ICT industry - especially data centers, are responsible for considerable amounts of CO2 emissions and will very soon…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-10-16 Drazen Lucanin , Michael Maurer , Toni Mastelic , Ivona Brandic

The rapid growth of data centers is increasing energy demand and widening the carbon gap in the ICT sector, as fossil fuels still dominate global energy production. Addressing this challenge requires collaboration across research, policy,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Rubén Rodríguez Álvarez , Denisa-Andreea Constantinescu , Miguel Peón-Quirós , David Atienza

An increasing number of electric loads, such as hydrogen producers or data centers, can be characterized as carbon-sensitive, meaning that they are willing to adapt the timing and/or location of their electricity usage in order to minimize…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Wenqian Jiang , Olivier Huber , Michael C. Ferris , Line Roald

Increasing demand for computing has lead to the development of large-scale, highly optimized data centers, which represent large loads in the electric power network. Many major computing and internet companies operate multiple data centers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-08 Julia Lindberg , Bernard C. Lesieutre , Line Roald