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We show that entangled measurements provide an exponential advantage in sample complexity for Pauli channel estimation, which is both a fundamental problem and a practically important subroutine for benchmarking near-term quantum devices.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-23 Senrui Chen , Sisi Zhou , Alireza Seif , Liang Jiang

Pauli channels are ubiquitous in quantum information, both as a dominant noise source in many computing architectures and as a practical model for analyzing error correction and fault tolerance. Here we prove several results on efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Steven T. Flammia , Joel J. Wallman

Motivated by estimation of quantum noise models, we study the problem of learning a Pauli channel, or more generally the Pauli error rates of an arbitrary channel. By employing a novel reduction to the "Population Recovery" problem, we give…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Steven T. Flammia , Ryan O'Donnell

The unavoidable presence of noise is a crucial roadblock for the development of large-scale quantum computers and the ability to characterize quantum noise reliably and efficiently with high precision is essential to scale quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-07 Cambyse Rouzé , Daniel Stilck França

Understanding the noise affecting a quantum device is of fundamental importance for scaling quantum technologies. A particularly important class of noise models is that of Pauli channels, as randomized compiling techniques can effectively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Omar Fawzi , Aadil Oufkir , Daniel Stilck França

Learning unknown processes affecting a quantum system reveals underlying physical mechanisms and enables suppression, mitigation, and correction of unwanted effects. Describing a general quantum process requires an exponentially large…

As quantum computers approach the fault tolerance threshold, diagnosing and characterizing the noise on large scale quantum devices is increasingly important. One of the most important classes of noise channels is the class of Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-17 Robin Harper , Wenjun Yu , Steven T. Flammia

Understanding quantum noise is an essential step towards building practical quantum information processing systems. Pauli noise is a useful model that has been widely applied in quantum benchmarking, error mitigation, and error correction.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Senrui Chen , Zhihan Zhang , Liang Jiang , Steven T. Flammia

Quantum entanglement is a crucial resource for learning properties from nature, but a precise characterization of its advantage can be challenging. In this work, we consider learning algorithms without entanglement to be those that only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-21 Senrui Chen , Changhun Oh , Sisi Zhou , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Liang Jiang

We present the experimental realization of the optimal estimation protocol for a Pauli noisy channel. The method is based on the generation of 2-qubit Bell states and the introduction of quantum noise in a controlled way on one of the state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-22 A. Chiuri , V. Rosati , G. Vallone , S. Pádua , H. Imai , S. Giacomini , C. Macchiavello , P. Mataloni

We present a quantum process-tomography protocol based on a low-degree ansatz for the quantum channel, i.e. when it can be expressed as a fixed-degree polynomial in terms of Pauli operators. We demonstrate how to perform tomography of such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Marianna Crupi , J. Ignacio Cirac , Flavio Baccari

We present a noise deconvolution technique for obtaining noiseless expectation values of noisy observables at the output of multiqubit quantum channels. For any number of qubits or in the presence of correlations, our protocol applies to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Simone Roncallo , Lorenzo Maccone , Chiara Macchiavello

We establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for unbiased estimation in multi-parameter estimation tasks. More specifically, we first consider quantum state estimation, where multiple parameters are encoded in a quantum state, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Hyukgun Kwon , Kento Tsubouchi , Chia-Tung Chu , Liang Jiang

Quantum computers have enabled solving problems beyond the current computers' capabilities. However, this requires handling noise arising from unwanted interactions in these systems. Several protocols have been proposed to address efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Ali Shaib , Mohamad H. Naim , Mohammed E. Fouda , Rouwaida Kanj , Fadi Kurdahi

We discuss the estimation of channel parameters for a noisy quantum channel - the so-called Pauli channel - using finite resources. It turns out that prior entanglement considerably enhances the fidelity of the estimation when we compare it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Dietmar G. Fischer , Holger Mack , Markus A. Cirone , Matthias Freyberger

This dissertation treats the topics of threshold calculation, ancilla construction, and non-standard error models. Chapter 2 introduces background material ranging from quantum mechanics to classical coding to thresholds for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-10-16 Bryan Eastin

We revisit the problem of Pauli shadow tomography: given copies of an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $\rho$, estimate $\text{tr}(P\rho)$ for some set of Pauli operators $P$ to within additive error $\epsilon$. This has been a popular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-18 Sitan Chen , Weiyuan Gong , Qi Ye

We propose a method to detect lower bounds to quantum capacities of a noisy quantum communication channel by means of few measurements. The method is easily implementable and does not require any knowledge about the channel. We test its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-12 Chiara Macchiavello , Massimiliano F. Sacchi

The performance of quantum error correction can be significantly improved if detailed information about the noise is available, allowing to optimize both codes and decoders. It has been proposed to estimate error rates from the syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-21 Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß , Martin Kliesch

The Pauli channel is a fundamental model of noise in quantum systems, motivating the task of Pauli error estimation. We present an algorithm that builds on the reduction to Population Recovery introduced in [FO21]. Addressing an open…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Ryan O'Donnell , Samvitti Sharma
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