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The crossword-like patterns of tiles in Scrabble form connected graphs of occupied sites on a square lattice. We find the most structureless description that reproduces means and covariances observed in real Scrabble games by adapting a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Olivier Witteveen , Marianne Bauer

Maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) is widely used in sequence to sequence tasks for model training. It uniformly treats the generation/prediction of each target token as multi-class classification, and yields non-smooth prediction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Chengyue Gong , Xu Tan , Di He , Tao Qin

We introduce and study the problem of adversarial arithmetic, which provides a simple yet challenging testbed for language model alignment. This problem is comprised of arithmetic questions posed in natural language, with an arbitrary…

Item difficulty plays a crucial role in test performance, interpretability of scores, and equity for all test-takers, especially in large-scale assessments. Traditional approaches to item difficulty modeling rely on field testing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sydney Peters , Nan Zhang , Hong Jiao , Ming Li , Tianyi Zhou , Robert Lissitz

Brown clustering is a hard, hierarchical, bottom-up clustering of words in a vocabulary. Words are assigned to clusters based on their usage pattern in a given corpus. The resulting clusters and hierarchical structure can be used in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-05 Manuel R. Ciosici

In many applications of natural language processing (NLP) it is necessary to determine the likelihood of a given word combination. For example, a speech recognizer may need to determine which of the two word combinations ``eat a peach'' and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ido Dagan , Lillian Lee , Fernando C. N. Pereira

The goal of open relation extraction (OpenRE) is to develop an RE model that can generalize to new relations not encountered during training. Existing studies primarily formulate OpenRE as a clustering task. They first cluster all test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Hongyao Tu , Liang Zhang , Yujie Lin , Xin Lin , Haibo Zhang , Long Zhang , Jinsong Su

Neural ranking models have achieved remarkable progress and are now widely deployed in real-world applications such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). However, like other neural architectures, they remain vulnerable to adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jiawei Liu , Zhuo Chen , Rui Zhu , Miaokun Chen , Yuyang Gong , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang

In this work, we present a machine learning approach for predicting early dropouts of an active and healthy ageing app. The presented algorithms have been submitted to the IFMBE Scientific Challenge 2022, part of IUPESM WC 2022. We have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Vasileios Perifanis , Ioanna Michailidi , Giorgos Stamatelatos , George Drosatos , Pavlos S. Efraimidis

Inference with modern Large Language Models (LLMs) is expensive and time-consuming, and speculative sampling has proven to be an effective solution. Most speculative sampling methods such as EAGLE use a static draft tree, implicitly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yuhui Li , Fangyun Wei , Chao Zhang , Hongyang Zhang

Real-world natural language processing systems need to be robust to human adversaries. Collecting examples of human adversaries for training is an effective but expensive solution. On the other hand, training on synthetic attacks with small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Aradhana Sinha , Ananth Balashankar , Ahmad Beirami , Thi Avrahami , Jilin Chen , Alex Beutel

Bayesian hierarchical models are well-suited to analyzing the often noisy data from electroencephalography experiments in cognitive neuroscience: these models provide an intuitive framework to account for structures and correlations in the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-08-17 Davide Turco , Conor Houghton

Although board games and video games have been studied for decades in artificial intelligence research, challenging word games remain relatively unexplored. Word games are not as constrained as games like chess or poker. Instead, word game…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Divya Koyyalagunta , Anna Sun , Rachel Lea Draelos , Cynthia Rudin

I consider the natural infinitary variations of the games Wordle and Mastermind, as well as their game-theoretic variations Absurdle and Madstermind, considering these games with infinitely long words and infinite color sequences and…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Joel David Hamkins

Outcomes of data-driven AI models cannot be assumed to be always correct. To estimate the uncertainty in these outcomes, the uncertainty wrapper framework has been proposed, which considers uncertainties related to model fit, input quality,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Pascal Gerber , Lisa Jöckel , Michael Kläs

Small changes to how a buyer phrases a question -- "best CRM" vs "top CRM" vs "best CRM for a SaaS startup" -- produce substantially different brand recommendations from AI assistants. Across ~6,000 paraphrase runs and ~6,000 same-prompt…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Will Jack , Noah Lehman , Keller Maloney , Sarah Xu

Professional athletes increasingly use automated analysis of meta- and signal data to improve their training and game performance. As in other related human-to-human research fields, signal data, in particular, contain important…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Lukas Stappen , Manuel Milling , Valentin Munst , Korakot Hoffmann , Bjorn W. Schuller

As emojis are widely used in social media, people not only use an emoji to express their emotions or mention things but also extend its usage to represent complicate emotions, concepts or activities by combining multiple emojis. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Weitsung Lin , Tinghsuan Chao , Jianmin Wu , Tianhuang Su

In this theoretical note we compare different types of computational models of word similarity and association in their ability to predict a set of about 900 rating data. Using regression and predictive modeling tools (neural net, decision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-27 Arthur M. Jacobs , Annette Kinder

Large language models are increasingly used to evaluate other models, yet these judgments typically lack any representation of confidence. This pilot study tests whether framing an evaluation task as a betting game (a fictional prediction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Michael Todasco