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This paper describes the National Research Council (NRC) Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) system, as applied to the English Lexical Sample (ELS) task in Senseval-3. The NRC system approaches WSD as a classical supervised machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter D. Turney

Deep Learning NLP domain lacks procedures for the analysis of model robustness. In this paper we propose a framework which validates robustness of any Question Answering model through model explainers. We propose that a robust model should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Barbara Rychalska , Dominika Basaj , Przemyslaw Biecek

Embedding words in a vector space has gained a lot of attention in recent years. While state-of-the-art methods provide efficient computation of word similarities via a low-dimensional matrix embedding, their motivation is often left…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-29 Shihao Ji , Hyokun Yun , Pinar Yanardag , Shin Matsushima , S. V. N. Vishwanathan

Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Grigor Nalbandyan , Rima Shahbazyan , Evelina Bakhturina

Difficulty is one of the key drivers of player engagement and it is often one of the aspects that designers tweak most to optimise the player experience; operationalising it is, therefore, a crucial task for game development studios. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jeppe Theiss Kristensen , Paolo Burelli

Although pre-trained language models (PrLMs) have achieved significant success, recent studies demonstrate that PrLMs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. By generating adversarial examples with slight perturbations on different levels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Jiayi Wang , Rongzhou Bao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Open information extraction (IE) is the task of extracting open-domain assertions from natural language sentences. A key step in open IE is confidence modeling, ranking the extractions based on their estimated quality to adjust precision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Zhengbao Jiang , Pengcheng Yin , Graham Neubig

A text-mining-based word class categorization method and LSTM-based vocabulary pattern prediction method are introduced in this paper. A preprocessing method based on simple text appearance frequency analysis is first described. This method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Byunghyun Ban , Jejong Lee , Hyeonmok Hwang

In this missive, the author goes about ruining an online word guessing game called Wordle, by generally trying to mathify the whole thing. On the other hand, one might consider that the author is trying to spice up mathematics by applying…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-04-26 Martin B. Short

The physics-based simulation game Angry Birds has been heavily researched by the AI community over the past five years, and has been the subject of a popular AI competition that is currently held annually as part of a leading AI conference.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Matthew Stephenson , Jochen Renz , Xiaoyu Ge

Many promising-looking ideas in AI research fail to deliver, but their validation takes substantial human labor and compute. Predicting an idea's chance of success is thus crucial for accelerating empirical AI research, a skill that even…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiaxin Wen , Chenglei Si , Yueh-han Chen , He He , Shi Feng

Continuous word representation (aka word embedding) is a basic building block in many neural network-based models used in natural language processing tasks. Although it is widely accepted that words with similar semantics should be close to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Chengyue Gong , Di He , Xu Tan , Tao Qin , Liwei Wang , Tie-Yan Liu

The success of the multilingual automatic speech recognition systems empowered many voice-driven applications. However, measuring the performance of such systems remains a major challenge, due to its dependency on manually transcribed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shammur Absar Chowdhury , Ahmed Ali

Structured classification tasks such as sequence labeling and dependency parsing have seen much interest by the Natural Language Processing and the machine learning communities. Several online learning algorithms were adapted for structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Avihai Mejer , Koby Crammer

Recently, neural approaches to spoken content retrieval have become popular. However, they tend to be restricted in their vocabulary or in their ability to deal with imbalanced test settings. These restrictions limit their applicability in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-25 Bolaji Yusuf , Alican Gok , Batuhan Gundogdu , Murat Saraclar

We propose a new method of classifying documents into categories. The simple method of conducting hypothesis testing over word-based distributions in categories suffers from the data sparseness problem. In order to address this difficulty,…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Hang Li , Kenji Yamanishi

We introduce the task of algorithm class prediction for programming word problems. A programming word problem is a problem written in natural language, which can be solved using an algorithm or a program. We define classes of various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Vinayak Athavale , Aayush Naik , Rajas Vanjape , Manish Shrivastava

Evaluating humor in large language models (LLMs) is an open challenge because existing approaches yield isolated, incomparable metrics rather than unified model rankings, making it difficult to track progress across systems. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Edward Ajayi , Prasenjit Mitra

Prediction of item difficulty based on its text content is of substantial interest. In this paper, we focus on the related problem of recovering IRT-based difficulty when the data originally reported item p-value (percent correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Radhika Kapoor , Sang T. Truong , Nick Haber , Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo , Benjamin W. Domingue

Normalization of SMS text, commonly known as texting language, is being pursued for more than a decade. A probabilistic approach based on the Trie data structure was proposed in literature which was found to be better performing than HMM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Abhinava Sikdar , Niladri Chatterjee