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We develop optimal control strategies for autonomous vehicles (AVs) that are required to meet complex specifications imposed as rules of the road (ROTR) and locally specific cultural expectations of reasonable driving behavior. We formulate…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), significantly enhancing their reasoning abilities in domains such as mathematics and code generation. A crucial factor influencing RL fine-tuning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xiaoyin Chen , Jiarui Lu , Minsu Kim , Dinghuai Zhang , Jian Tang , Alexandre Piché , Nicolas Gontier , Yoshua Bengio , Ehsan Kamalloo

End-to-end autonomous driving systems powered by Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models achieve strong performance on common driving scenarios, yet remain brittle in rare but safety-critical long-tail situations such as active construction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ruiyang Zhu , Yuehan He , Boyuan Zheng , Zesen Zhao , Ahmad Chalhoub , Qingzhao Zhang , Z. Morley Mao

Simulation-based testing is crucial for validating autonomous vehicles (AVs), yet existing scenario generation methods either overfit to common driving patterns or operate in an offline, non-interactive manner that fails to expose rare,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Yuewen Mei , Tong Nie , Jian Sun , Ye Tian

Autonomous vehicle (AV) stacks have traditionally relied on decomposed approaches, with separate modules handling perception, prediction, and planning. However, this design introduces information loss during inter-module communication,…

Developing decision-making algorithms for highly automated driving systems remains challenging, since these systems have to operate safely in an open and complex environments. Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches can learn comprehensive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-01 M. Youssef Abdelhamid , Lennart Vater , Zlatan Ajanovic

Scenario-based testing is envisioned as a key approach for the safety assurance of autonomous vehicles. In scenario-based testing, relevant (driving) scenarios are the basis of tests. Many recent works focus on specification, variation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Till Schallau , Stefan Naujokat , Fiona Kullmann , Falk Howar

With safety being one of the primary motivations for developing automated vehicles (AVs), extensive field and simulation tests are being carried out to ensure AVs can operate safely on roadways. Since 2014, the California DMV has been…

Applications · Statistics 2021-02-15 Yu Song , Madhav V. Chitturi , David A. Noyce

In order to find the most likely failure scenarios which may occur under certain given operation domain, critical-scenario-based test is supposed as an effective and widely used method, which gives suggestions for designers to improve the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yizhou Xie , Kunpeng Dai , Yong Zhang

As autonomous vehicle (AV) technology advances towards maturity, it becomes imperative to examine the security vulnerabilities within these cyber-physical systems. While conventional cyber-security concerns are often at the forefront of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-09 Martin Higgins , Devki Jha , David Blundell , David Wallom

Given the promising future of autonomous vehicles, it is foreseeable that self-driving cars will soon emerge as the predominant mode of transportation. While autonomous vehicles offer enhanced efficiency, they remain vulnerable to external…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Saurav Silwal , Lu Gao , Ph. D. Yunpeng Zhang , Ph. D. Ahmed Senouci , Ph. D. Yi-Lung Mo , Ph. D. , P. E

Autonomous vehicles need to handle various traffic conditions and make safe and efficient decisions and maneuvers. However, on the one hand, a single optimization/sampling-based motion planner cannot efficiently generate safe trajectories…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Jinning Li , Liting Sun , Jianyu Chen , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Wei Zhan

Simulation environments are good for learning different driving tasks like lane changing, parking or handling intersections etc. in an abstract manner. However, these simulation environments often restrict themselves to operate under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Ashish Rana , Avleen Malhi

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have been broadly applied to a large number of robotics tasks, such as robot manipulation and autonomous driving. However, an open problem in deep RL is learning policies that are robust to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Rohan Banerjee , Prishita Ray , Mark Campbell

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles requires virtual scenario-based testing, which depends on the robust evaluation and generation of safety-critical scenarios. So far, researchers have used scenario-based testing frameworks that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yuan Gao , Mattia Piccinini , Korbinian Moller , Amr Alanwar , Johannes Betz

The capability to follow a lead-vehicle and avoid rear-end collisions is one of the most important functionalities for human drivers and various Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). Existing safety performance justification of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Bowen Weng , Minghao Zhu , Keith Redmill

Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) offer a wide range of connected functionalities, including enhanced driving behavior and fleet management. These features are continuously updated via over-the-air (OTA) mechanisms, resulting in a growing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Matthias Weiß , Anish Navalgund , Johannes Stümpfle , Falk Dettinger , Michael Weyrich

Biological agents learn and act intelligently in spite of a highly limited capacity to process and store information. Many real-world problems involve continuous control, which represents a difficult task for artificial intelligence agents.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tailia Malloy , Chris R. Sims , Tim Klinger , Miao Liu , Matthew Riemer , Gerald Tesauro

Autonomous UAV inspection of confined industrial infrastructure, such as ventilation ducts, demands robust navigation policies where collisions are unacceptable. While Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) offers a powerful paradigm for…

High-speed cruising scenarios with mixed traffic greatly challenge the road safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Unlike existing works that only look at fundamental modules in isolation, this work enhances AV safety in mixed-traffic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-24 Jinhao Liang , Kaidi Yang , Chaopeng Tan , Jinxiang Wang , Guodong Yin