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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on accurate trajectory prediction for safe navigation in diverse traffic environments, yet existing models struggle with long-tail scenarios-rare but safety-critical events characterized by abrupt maneuvers,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Bin Rao , Haicheng Liao , Chengyue Wang , Keqiang Li , Zhenning Li , Hai Yang

Verification and validation of autonomous driving (AD) systems and components is of increasing importance, as such technology increases in real-world prevalence. Safety-critical scenario generation is a key approach to robustify AD policies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Benjamin Stoler , Ingrid Navarro , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

Autonomous urban driving navigation with complex multi-agent dynamics is under-explored due to the difficulty of learning an optimal driving policy. The traditional modular pipeline heavily relies on hand-designed rules and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-11 Xiaodan Liang , Tairui Wang , Luona Yang , Eric Xing

Unsignalized intersections are typically considered as one of the most representative and challenging scenarios for self-driving vehicles. To tackle autonomous driving problems in such scenarios, this paper proposes a curriculum proximal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Zengqi Peng , Xiao Zhou , Yubin Wang , Lei Zheng , Ming Liu , Jun Ma

Modern approaches to autonomous driving rely heavily on learned components trained with large amounts of human driving data via imitation learning. However, these methods require large amounts of expensive data collection and even then face…

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng

With the rapid development of automated vehicles (AVs) in recent years, commercially available AVs are increasingly demonstrating high-level automation capabilities. However, most existing AV safety evaluation methods are primarily designed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Hang Zhou , Chengyuan Ma , Shiyu Shen , Zhaohui Liang , Xiaopeng Li

The safe deployment of autonomous driving (AD) systems is fundamentally hindered by the long-tail problem, where rare yet critical driving scenarios are severely underrepresented in real-world data. Existing solutions including…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Qimao Chen , Fang Li , Shaoqing Xu , Zhiyi Lai , Zixun Xie , Yuechen Luo , Shengyin Jiang , Hanbing Li , Long Chen , Bing Wang , Yi Zhang , Zhi-Xin Yang

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) aim to improve traffic safety and efficiency by reducing human error. However, ensuring AVs reliability and safety is a challenging task when rare, high-risk traffic scenarios are considered. These 'Corner Cases'…

This paper summarizes our formal approach to testing autonomous vehicles (AVs) in simulation for the IEEE AV Test Challenge. We demonstrate a systematic testing framework leveraging our previous work on formally-driven simulation for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Kesav Viswanadha , Francis Indaheng , Justin Wong , Edward Kim , Ellen Kalvan , Yash Pant , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

Human drivers naturally balance the risks of different concerns while driving, including traffic rule violations, minor accidents, and fatalities. However, achieving the same behavior in autonomous driving systems remains an open problem.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Shuhao Qi , Zengjie Zhang , Zhiyong Sun , Sofie Haesaert

In recent years, imitation learning (IL) has been widely used in industry as the core of autonomous vehicle (AV) planning modules. However, previous IL works show sample inefficiency and low generalisation in safety-critical scenarios, on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Yurui Du , Flavia Sofia Acerbo , Jens Kober , Tong Duy Son

Aligning large-scale vision-language models (VLMs) for complex reasoning via reinforcement learning is often hampered by the limitations of existing policy optimization algorithms, such as static training schedules and the rigid, uniform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yunhao Wang , Ziting Li , Shuai Chen , Tao Liu , Chao Song , Junjie Jiang , Jian Zhu , Peng Gao , Bin Qin

To ensure user acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs), control systems are being developed to mimic human drivers from demonstrations of desired driving behaviors. Imitation learning (IL) algorithms serve this purpose, but struggle to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Flavia Sofia Acerbo , Jan Swevers , Tinne Tuytelaars , Tong Duy Son

The operational space of an autonomous vehicle (AV) can be diverse and vary significantly. This may lead to a scenario that was not postulated in the design phase. Due to this, formulating a rule based decision maker for selecting maneuvers…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Subramanya Nageshrao , Eric Tseng , Dimitar Filev

Scenario-based approaches have been receiving a huge amount of attention in research and engineering of automated driving systems. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of the driving environment, and the complexity of the driving task…

Deploying autonomous driving systems requires robustness against long-tail scenarios that are rare but safety-critical. While adversarial training offers a promising solution, existing methods typically decouple scenario generation from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Tong Nie , Yihong Tang , Junlin He , Yuewen Mei , Jie Sun , Lijun Sun , Wei Ma , Jian Sun

Testing autonomous driving systems for safety and reliability is extremely complex. A primary challenge is identifying the relevant test scenarios, especially the critical ones that may expose hazards or risks of harm to autonomous vehicles…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Qunying Song , Emelie Engström , Per Runeson

Achieving both realism and controllability in closed-loop traffic simulation remains a key challenge in autonomous driving. Dataset-based methods reproduce realistic trajectories but suffer from covariate shift in closed-loop deployment,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Keyu Chen , Wenchao Sun , Hao Cheng , Sifa Zheng

Real-world autonomous driving, particularly in urban environments with numerous corner cases, requires rigorous testing to ensure product safety and robustness. However, few studies have explored integrating adversarial scenario generation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuancheng Zhang , Zhenhao Wang , Kaizheng Li , Yaran Lin , Qiang Guo , Bin Jiang