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In leading fault-tolerant quantum computing schemes, accurate transformation are obtained by a two-stage process. In a first stage, a discrete, universal set of fault-tolerant operations is obtained by error-correcting noisy transformations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-22 Guillaume Duclos-Cianci , David Poulin

The estimation of all the parameters in an unknown quantum state or measurement device, commonly known as quantum state tomography (QST) and quantum detector tomography (QDT), is crucial for comprehensively characterizing and controlling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Shuixin Xiao , Weichao Liang , Yuanlong Wang , Daoyi Dong , Ian R. Petersen , Valery Ugrinovskii

Recent advances on quantum computing hardware have pushed quantum computing to the verge of quantum supremacy. Random quantum circuits are outstanding candidates to demonstrate quantum supremacy, which could be implemented on a quantum…

Noise is usually regarded as the main obstacle to achieving a scalable quantum advantage, but recent evidence in quantum reservoir computing [L. Domingo, F. Borondo, and G. G. Carlo. Taking advantage of noise in quantum reservoir computing,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 J. Montes , F. Borondo , Gabriel G. Carlo

Medium-scale quantum devices that integrate about hundreds of physical qubits are likely to be developed in the near future. However, such devices will lack the resources for realizing quantum fault tolerance. Therefore, the main challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-24 Chao Song , Jing Cui , H. Wang , J. Hao , H. Feng , Ying Li

Entanglement is one of the fundamental properties of a quantum state and is a crucial differentiator between classical and quantum computation. There are many ways to define entanglement and its measure, depending on the problem or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Andrii Semenov , Niall Murphy , Simone Patscheider , Alessandra Bernardi , Elena Blokhina

As a crossover frontier of physics and mechanics, quantum computing is showing its great potential in computational mechanics. However, quantum hardware noise remains a critical barrier to achieving accurate simulation results due to the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Zengtao Kuang , Yongchun Xu , Qun Huang , Jie Yang , Chafik El Kihal , Heng Hu

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

With sub-threshold quantum error correction on quantum hardware still out of reach, quantum error mitigation methods are currently deemed an attractive option for implementing certain applications on near-term noisy quantum devices. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-01 Wenbo Shi , Robert Malaney

One of the most important topics in quantum scientific computing is solving differential equations. In this paper, generalized quantum functional expansion (QFE) framework is proposed. In the QFE framework, a functional expansion of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Jinhwan Sul , Yan Wang

Quantum computers progress toward outperforming classical supercomputers, but quantum errors remain their primary obstacle. The key to overcoming errors on near-term devices has emerged through the field of quantum error mitigation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Haoran Liao , Derek S. Wang , Iskandar Sitdikov , Ciro Salcedo , Alireza Seif , Zlatko K. Minev

Quantum state tomography (QST) aims at estimating a quantum state from averaged quantum measurements made on copies of the state. Most quantum algorithms rely on QST at some point and it is a well explored topic in the literature, mostly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 François Verdeil , Yannick Deville

Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM) enables the extraction of high-quality results from the presently-available noisy quantum computers. In this approach, the effect of the noise on observables of interest can be mitigated using multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Ivan Henao , Jader P. Santos , Raam Uzdin

Quantum metrology stands as a leading application of quantum science and technology, yet noise often constrains its precision and sensitivity. In near-term quantum metrology, existing protocols largely depend on virtual state purification,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Xiaodie Lin , Haidong Yuan

Current quantum computing architectures lack the size and fidelity required for universal fault-tolerant operation, limiting the practical implementation of key quantum algorithms to all but the smallest problem sizes. In this work we…

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 T. E. O'Brien , G. Anselmetti , F. Gkritsis , V. E. Elfving , S. Polla , W. J. Huggins , O. Oumarou , K. Kechedzhi , D. Abanin , R. Acharya , I. Aleiner , R. Allen , T. I. Andersen , K. Anderson , M. Ansmann , F. Arute , K. Arya , A. Asfaw , J. Atalaya , D. Bacon , J. C. Bardin , A. Bengtsson , S. Boixo , G. Bortoli , A. Bourassa , J. Bovaird , L. Brill , M. Broughton , B. Buckley , D. A. Buell , T. Burger , B. Burkett , N. Bushnell , J. Campero , Y. Chen , Z. Chen , B. Chiaro , D. Chik , J. Cogan , R. Collins , P. Conner , W. Courtney , A. L. Crook , B. Curtin , D. M. Debroy , S. Demura , I. Drozdov , A. Dunsworth , C. Erickson , L. Faoro , E. Farhi , R. Fatemi , V. S. Ferreira , L. Flores Burgos , E. Forati , A. G. Fowler , B. Foxen , W. Giang , C. Gidney , D. Gilboa , M. Giustina , R. Gosula , A. Grajales Dau , J. A. Gross , S. Habegger , M. C. Hamilton , M. Hansen , M. P. Harrigan , S. D. Harrington , P. Heu , J. Hilton , M. R. Hoffmann , S. Hong , T. Huang , A. Huff , L. B. Ioffe , S. V. Isakov , J. Iveland , E. Jeffrey , Z. Jiang , C. Jones , P. Juhas , D. Kafri , J. Kelly , T. Khattar , M. Khezri , M. Kieferová , S. Kim , P. V. Klimov , A. R. Klots , R. Kothari , A. N. Korotkov , F. Kostritsa , J. M. Kreikebaum , D. Landhuis , P. Laptev , K. Lau , L. Laws , J. Lee , K. Lee , B. J. Lester , A. T. Lill , W. Liu , W. P. Livingston , A. Locharla , E. Lucero , F. D. Malone , S. Mandra , O. Martin , S. Martin , J. R. McClean , T. McCourt , M. McEwen , A. Megrant , X. Mi , A. Mieszala , K. C. Miao , M. Mohseni , S. Montazeri , A. Morvan , R. Movassagh , W. Mruczkiewicz , O. Naaman , M. Neeley , C. Neill , A. Nersisyan , H. Neven , M. Newman , J. H. Ng , A. Nguyen , M. Nguyen , M. Y. Niu , S. Omonije , A. Opremcak , A. Petukhov , R. Potter , L. P. Pryadko , C. Quintana , C. Rocque , P. Roushan , N. Saei , D. Sank , K. Sankaragomathi , K. J. Satzinger , H. F. Schurkus , C. Schuster , M. J. Shearn , A. Shorter , N. Shutty , V. Shvarts , J. Skruzny , V. Smelyanskiy , W. C. Smith , R. Somma , G. Sterling , D. Strain , M. Szalay , D. Thor , A. Torres , G. Vidal , B. Villalonga , C. Vollgraff Heidweiller , T. White , B. W. K. Woo , C. Xing , Z. J. Yao , P. Yeh , J. Yoo , G. Young , A. Zalcman , Y. Zhang , N. Zhu , N. Zobrist , C. Gogolin , R. Babbush , N. C. Rubin

As quantum computing advances towards practical applications, reducing errors remains a crucial frontier for developing near-term devices. Errors in the quantum gates and quantum state readout could result in noisy circuits, which would…

One promising field of quantum computation is the simulation of quantum systems, and specifically, the task of ground state energy estimation (GSEE). Ground state preparation (GSP) is a crucial component in GSEE algorithms, and classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-11 Katerina Gratsea , Jakob S. Kottmann , Peter D. Johnson , Alexander A. Kunitsa

Recent thousand-qubit processors represent a significant hardware advancement, but current limitations prevent effective quantum error correction (QEC), necessitating reliance on quantum error mitigation (QEM) to enhance result fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Leanghok Hour , Myeongseong Go , Youngsun Han

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is critical in reducing the impact of noise in the pre-fault-tolerant era, and is expected to complement error correction in fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). In this paper, we propose a novel QEM…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Hrushikesh Pramod Patil , Dror Baron , Huiyang Zhou