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We consider constraint satisfaction problems of bounded degree, with a good notion of "typicality", e.g. the negation of the variables in each constraint is taken independently at random. Using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-11 Cedric Yen-Yu Lin , Yechao Zhu

Combinatorial problems are a common challenge in business, requiring finding optimal solutions under specified constraints. While significant progress has been made with variational approaches such as QAOA, most problems addressed are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Monit Sharma , Yan Jin , Hoong Chuin Lau , Rudy Raymond

Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a highly advocated variational algorithm for solving the combinatorial optimization problem. One critical feature in the quantum circuit of QAOA algorithm is that it consists of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Yuwei Jin , Jason Luo , Lucent Fong , Yanhao Chen , Ari B. Hayes , Chi Zhang , Fei Hua , Eddy Z. Zhang

We present a quantum alternating operator ansatz (QAOA$^+$) that solves a class of linearly constrained optimization problems by evolving a quantum state within a Hilbert subspace of feasible problem solutions. Our main focus is on a class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Brayden Goldstein-Gelb , Phillip C. Lotshaw

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been one of the leading candidates for near-term quantum advantage in gate-model quantum computers. From its inception, this algorithm has sparked the desire for comparison between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-08 Colin Campbell , Edward Dahl

Variational quantum algorithms, such as the Recursive Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (RQAOA), have become increasingly popular, offering promising avenues for employing Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices to address…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Shuaiqun Pan , Yash J. Patel , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Thomas Bäck , Hao Wang

The task of Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a constrained combinatorial optimization problem that is generally considered a complex computational problem. In this paper, we first present a binary encoding of MSA and devise a…

Combinatorial optimization is an important application targeted by quantum computing. However, near-term hardware constraints make quantum algorithms unlikely to be competitive when compared to high-performing classical heuristics on large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-14 Charles Moussa , Hao Wang , Henri Calandra , Thomas Bäck , Vedran Dunjko

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising candidates for achieving quantum advantage through quantum-enhanced combinatorial optimization. A near-optimal solution to the combinatorial optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-12 Alexey Galda , Eesh Gupta , Jose Falla , Xiaoyuan Liu , Danylo Lykov , Yuri Alexeev , Ilya Safro

This paper introduces two techniques that make the standard Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) more suitable for constrained optimization problems. The first technique describes how to use the outcome of a prior greedy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-07 Wim van Dam , Karim Eldefrawy , Nicholas Genise , Natalie Parham

We present Snapshot-QAOA, a variation of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) that finds approximate minimum energy eigenstates of a large set of quantum Hamiltonians (i.e. Hamiltonians with non-diagonal terms).…

Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms such as the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) are considered one of the most promising approaches for leveraging near-term quantum computers for practical applications. Such algorithms are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-16 Ruslan Shaydulin , Ilya Safro , Jeffrey Larson

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising approach for addressing combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum hardware. In this work, we conduct an empirical evaluation of QAOA on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Evgenii Dolzhkov , Franz G. Fuchs , Dirk Oliver Theis

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) finds approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. Its performance monotonically improves with its depth $p$. We apply the QAOA to MaxCut on large-girth $D$-regular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-08 Joao Basso , Edward Farhi , Kunal Marwaha , Benjamin Villalonga , Leo Zhou

Constrained binary optimization aims to find an optimal assignment to minimize or maximize the objective meanwhile satisfying the constraints, which is a representative NP problem in various domains, including transportation, scheduling,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-18 Debin Xiang , Qifan Jiang , Liqiang Lu , Siwei Tan , Jianwei Yin

In this work we develop theoretical techniques for analysing the performance of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) when applied to random boolean constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), and use these techniques to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Sami Boulebnane , Maria Ciudad-Alañón , Lana Mineh , Ashley Montanaro , Niam Vaishnav

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have demonstrated considerable potential in solving NP-hard combinatorial problems in the contemporary near intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. The quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-09 Boy Choy , David J. Wales

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has enjoyed increasing attention in noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing due to its application to combinatorial optimization problems. Because combinatorial optimization problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-18 Yunsoo Ha , Sara Shashaani , Matt Menickelly

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a near-term hybrid algorithm intended to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as MaxCut. QAOA can be made to mimic an adiabatic schedule, and in the $p\to\infty$ limit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Jonathan Wurtz , Peter J. Love

Encoding combinatorial optimization problems into physically meaningful Hamiltonians with tractable energy landscapes forms the foundation of quantum optimization. Numerous works have studied such efficient encodings for the class of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 Sebastian Egginger , Kristina Kirova , Sonja Bruckner , Stefan Hillmich , Richard Kueng