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On 15th September 2022, The Merge marked the Ethereum network's transition from computation-hardness-based consensus (proof-of-work) to a committee-based consensus mechanism (proof-of-stake). As a result, all the specialized hardware and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Lucianna Kiffer , Sophia Skorik , Yann Vonlanthen , Roger Wattenhofer

We study efficiency in a proof-of-work blockchain with non-zero latencies, focusing in particular on the (inequality in) individual miners' efficiencies. Prior work attributed differences in miners' efficiencies mostly to attacks, but we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Mohamed Alzayat , Johnnatan Messias , Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran , Krishna P. Gummadi , Patrick Loiseau

As 6G networks evolve, inter-provider agreements become crucial for dynamic resource sharing and network slicing across multiple domains, requiring on-demand capacity provisioning while enabling trustworthy interaction among diverse…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Farhana Javed , Josep Mangues-Bafalluy

This paper presents an empirical analysis of Steemit, a key representative of the emerging incentivized social media platforms over Blockchains, to understand and evaluate the actual level of decentralization and the practical effects of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Chao Li , Balaji Palanisamy

Blockchain is rapidly emerging as an important class of network application, with a unique set of trust, security and transparency properties. In a blockchain system, participants record and update the `server-side' state of an application…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yifan Mao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

Blockchain emerged as a solution for data integrity, non-repudiation, and availability in different applications. Data sensitive scenarios, such as Health Care, can also benefit from these blockchain properties. Consequently, different…

The cryptocurrency is attracting more and more attention because of the blockchain technology. Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables developers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-28 TonTon Hsien-De Huang , Po-Wei Hong , Ying-Tse Lee , Yi-Lun Wang , Chi-Leong Lok , Hung-Yu Kao

Ethereum relies on a peer-to-peer overlay network to propagate information. The knowledge of Ethereum network topology holds the key to understanding Ethereum's security, availability, and user anonymity. From a measurement perspective, an…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Kai Li , Yuzhe Tang , Jiaqi Chen , Yibo Wang , Xianghong Liu

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies have demonstrated how to securely implement traditionally centralized systems, such as currencies, in a decentralized fashion. However, there have been few measurement studies on the level of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Adem Efe Gencer , Soumya Basu , Ittay Eyal , Robbert van Renesse , Emin Gün Sirer

Traditional public blockchain systems typically had very limited transaction throughput because of the bottleneck of the consensus protocol itself. With recent advances in consensus technology, the performance limit has been greatly lifted,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Péter Garamvölgyi , Yuxi Liu , Dong Zhou , Fan Long , Ming Wu

Client diversity is a cornerstone of blockchain resilience, yet most networks suffer from a dangerously skewed distribution of client implementations. This monoculture exposes the network to very risky scenarios, such as massive financial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Javier Ron , Zheyuan He , Martin Monperrus

Blockchain technologies underpin an expanding ecosystem of decentralized applications, financial systems, and infrastructure. However, the fundamental networking layer that sustains these systems, the peer-to-peer layer, of all but the top…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Lucianna Kiffer , Lioba Heimbach , Dennis Trautwein , Yann Vonlanthen , Oliver Gasser

Public permissionless blockchains facilitate peer-to-peer digital transactions, yet face performance challenges specifically minimizing transaction confirmation time to decrease energy and time consumption per transaction. Performance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Molud Esmaili , Ken Christensen

There have been several studies into measuring the level of decentralization in Ethereum through applying various indices to indicate the relative dominance of entities in different domains in the ecosystem. However, these indices do not…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-05-20 Simon Brown , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

Bitcoin is the first and the most extensive decentralized electronic cryptocurrency system that uses blockchain technology. It uses a peer-to-peer (P2P) network to operate without a central authority and propagate system information such as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Befekadu G. Gebraselase , Bjarne E. Helvik , Yuming Jiang

Decentralization is widely recognized as a crucial characteristic of blockchains that enables them to resist malicious attacks such as the 51% attack and the takeover attack. Prior research has primarily examined decentralization in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Chao Li , Balaji Palanisamy , Runhua Xu , Li Duan

On March 13, 2024, Ethereum implemented EIP-4844, designed to enhance its role as a data availability layer. While this upgrade reduces data posting costs for rollups, it also raises concerns about its impact on the consensus layer due to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Seongwan Park , Bosul Mun , Seungyun Lee , Woojin Jeong , Jaewook Lee , Hyeonsang Eom , Huisu Jang

This paper presents a multi-contract blockchain framework for inter-provider agreements in 6G networks, emphasizing performance analysis under a realistic Proof-of-Stake (PoS) setting on Ethereum's Sepolia testnet. We begin by quantifying…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Farhana Javed , Josep Mangues-Bafalluy

The distribution of consensus power is a cornerstone of decentralisation, influencing the security, resilience, and fairness of blockchain networks while ensuring equitable impact among participants. This study provides a rigorous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Kamil Tylinski , Abylay Satybaldy , Paolo Tasca

Following the birth of Bitcoin and the introduction of the Ethereum ERC20 protocol a decade ago, recent years have witnessed a growing number of cryptographic tokens that are being introduced by researchers, private sector companies and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-04-20 Shahar Somin , Goren Gordon , Alex Pentland , Erez Shmueli , Yaniv Altshuler