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Masked face recognition (MFR) has emerged as a critical domain in biometric identification, especially by the global COVID-19 pandemic, which introduced widespread face masks. This survey paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Mohamed Mahmoud , Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem , Hyun-Soo Kang

Morphed face images have recently become a growing concern for existing face verification systems, as they are relatively easy to generate and can be used to impersonate someone's identity for various malicious purposes. Efficient Morphing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Marija Ivanovska , Vitomir Štruc

With the rise of deep learning, facial recognition technology has seen extensive research and rapid development. Although facial recognition is considered a mature technology, we find that existing open-source models and commercial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Caixin Kang , Yubo Chen , Shouwei Ruan , Shiji Zhao , Ruochen Zhang , Jiayi Wang , Shan Fu , Xingxing Wei

Morphing attacks keep threatening biometric systems, especially face recognition systems. Over time they have become simpler to perform and more realistic, as such, the usage of deep learning systems to detect these attacks has grown. At…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Eduarda Caldeira , Pedro C. Neto , Tiago Gonçalves , Naser Damer , Ana F. Sequeira , Jaime S. Cardoso

3D face reconstruction (3DFR) algorithms are based on specific assumptions tailored to distinct application scenarios. These assumptions limit their use when acquisition conditions, such as the subject's distance from the camera or the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Simone Maurizio La Cava , Sara Concas , Ruben Tolosana , Roberto Casula , Giulia Orrù , Martin Drahansky , Julian Fierrez , Gian Luca Marcialis

2D face recognition has been proven insecure for physical adversarial attacks. However, few studies have investigated the possibility of attacking real-world 3D face recognition systems. 3D-printed attacks recently proposed cannot generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Yanjie Li , Yiquan Li , Xuelong Dai , Songtao Guo , Bin Xiao

Face morphing attacks aim at creating face images that are verifiable to be the face of multiple identities, which can lead to building faulty identity links in operations like border checks. While creating a morphed face detector (MFD),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Naser Damer , Kiran Raja , Marius Süßmilch , Sushma Venkatesh , Fadi Boutros , Meiling Fang , Florian Kirchbuchner , Raghavendra Ramachandra , Arjan Kuijper

Face morphing attacks pose a severe security threat to face recognition systems, enabling the morphed face image to be verified against multiple identities. To detect such manipulated images, the development of new face morphing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Marcel Grimmer , Christoph Busch

With the continuous advancement of generative models, face morphing attacks have become a significant challenge for existing face verification systems due to their potential use in identity fraud and other malicious activities. Contemporary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Marija Ivanovska , Leon Todorov , Naser Damer , Deepak Kumar Jain , Peter Peer , Vitomir Štruc

Automatic generation of morphed face images often produces ghosting artifacts due to poorly aligned structures in the input images. Manual processing can mitigate these artifacts. However, this is not feasible for the generation of large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Clemens Seibold , Anna Hilsmann , Peter Eisert

Face morphing, a sophisticated presentation attack technique, poses significant security risks to face recognition systems. Traditional methods struggle to detect morphing attacks, which involve blending multiple face images to create a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Iurii Medvedev , Joana Pimenta , Nuno Gonçalves

Face morphing attacks threaten biometric verification, yet most morphing attack detection (MAD) systems require task-specific training and generalize poorly to unseen attack types. Meanwhile, open-source multimodal large language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Marija Ivanovska , Vitomir Štruc

Face recognition (FR) technology plays a crucial role in various applications, but its vulnerability to adversarial attacks poses significant security concerns. Existing research primarily focuses on transferability to different FR models,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Xiaoliang Liu , Furao Shen , Feng Han , Jian Zhao , Changhai Nie

Morphing is the process of combining two or more subjects in an image in order to create a new identity which contains features of both individuals. Morphed images can fool Facial Recognition Systems (FRS) into falsely accepting multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Kelsey O'Haire , Sobhan Soleymani , Baaria Chaudhary , Poorya Aghdaie , Jeremy Dawson , Nasser M. Nasrabadi

As Face Recognition (FR) technology becomes increasingly prevalent in finance, the military, public safety, and everyday life, security concerns have grown substantially. Physical adversarial attacks targeting FR systems in real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Mingsi Wang , Jiachen Zhou , Tianlin Li , Guozhu Meng , Kai Chen

Morphable Models (3DMMs) are a type of morphable model that takes 2D images as inputs and recreates the structure and physical appearance of 3D objects, especially human faces and bodies. 3DMM combines identity and expression blendshapes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Gulraiz Khan , Kenneth Y. Wertheim , Kevin Pimbblet , Waqas Ahmed

In this paper, we consider the challenge of face morphing attacks, which substantially undermine the integrity of face recognition systems such as those adopted for use in border protection agencies. Morph detection can be formulated as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Poorya Aghdaie , Baaria Chaudhary , Sobhan Soleymani , Jeremy Dawson , Nasser M. Nasrabadi

Due to its convenience, biometric authentication, especial face authentication, has become increasingly mainstream and thus is now a prime target for attackers. Presentation attacks and face morphing are typical types of attack. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Huy H. Nguyen , Junichi Yamagishi , Isao Echizen , Sébastien Marcel

Morphing attacks are one of the many threats that are constantly affecting deep face recognition systems. It consists of selecting two faces from different individuals and fusing them into a final image that contains the identity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Pedro C. Neto , Tiago Gonçalves , Marco Huber , Naser Damer , Ana F. Sequeira , Jaime S. Cardoso

Protecting digital identities of human face from various attack vectors is paramount, and face anti-spoofing plays a crucial role in this endeavor. Current approaches primarily focus on detecting spoofing attempts within individual frames…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Xiang Xu , Tianchen Zhao , Zheng Zhang , Zhihua Li , Jon Wu , Alessandro Achille , Mani Srivastava