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Uplift modeling is a machine learning technique that aims to model treatment effects heterogeneity. It has been used in business and health sectors to predict the effect of a specific action on a given individual. Despite its advantages,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-20 Atef Shaar , Talel Abdessalem , Olivier Segard

Uplift modeling comprises a collection of machine learning techniques designed for managers to predict the incremental impact of specific actions on customer outcomes. However, accurately estimating this incremental impact poses significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Junjie Gao , Xiangyu Zheng , DongDong Wang , Zhixiang Huang , Bangqi Zheng , Kai Yang

In many applications, there is a need to predict the effect of an intervention on different individuals from data. For example, which customers are persuadable by a product promotion? which patients should be treated with a certain type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Jiuyong Li , Weijia Zhang , Lin Liu , Kui Yu , Thuc Duy Le , Jixue Liu

Uplift modeling is widely used in performance marketing to estimate effects of promotion campaigns (e.g., increase of customer retention rate). Since it is impossible to observe outcomes of a recipient in treatment (e.g., receiving a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Yao Zhao , Haipeng Zhang , Shiwei Lyu , Ruiying Jiang , Jinjie Gu , Guannan Zhang

Uplift modeling estimates the causal effect of an intervention as the difference between potential outcomes under treatment and control, whereas counterfactual identification aims to recover the joint distribution of these potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Théo Verhelst , Gianluca Bontempi

Randomized experiments have been used to assist decision-making in many areas. They help people select the optimal treatment for the test population with certain statistical guarantee. However, subjects can show significant heterogeneity in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Yan Zhao , Xiao Fang , David Simchi-Levi

Uplift modeling is a key technique for promotion optimization in recommender systems, but standard methods typically fail to account for interference, where treating one item affects the outcomes of others. This violation of the Stable Unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bram van den Akker

Uplift modeling has been widely employed in online marketing by predicting the response difference between the treatment and control groups, so as to identify the sensitive individuals toward interventions like coupons or discounts.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Bowei He , Yunpeng Weng , Xing Tang , Ziqiang Cui , Zexu Sun , Liang Chen , Xiuqiang He , Chen Ma

Counterfactuals are central in causal human reasoning and the scientific discovery process. The uplift, also called conditional average treatment effect, measures the causal effect of some action, or treatment, on the outcome of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Théo Verhelst , Denis Mercier , Jeevan Shrestha , Gianluca Bontempi

Uplift models play a critical role in modern marketing applications to help understand the incremental benefits of interventions and identify optimal targeting strategies. A variety of techniques exist for building uplift models, and it is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-05 Yang Liu , Chaoyu Yuan

Uplift modeling requires experimental data, preferably collected in random fashion. This places a logistical and financial burden upon any organisation aspiring such models. Once deployed, uplift models are subject to effects from concept…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Jeroen Berrevoets , Wouter Verbeke

Randomized experiments have been critical tools of decision making for decades. However, subjects can show significant heterogeneity in response to treatments in many important applications. Therefore it is not enough to simply know which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Yan Zhao , Xiao Fang , David Simchi-Levi

Uplift models provide a solution to the problem of isolating the marketing effect of a campaign. For customer churn reduction, uplift models are used to identify the customers who are likely to respond positively to a retention activity…

Applications · Statistics 2020-09-21 Mouloud Belbahri , Alejandro Murua , Olivier Gandouet , Vahid Partovi Nia

This paper introduces a marketing decision framework that optimizes customer targeting by integrating heterogeneous treatment effect estimation with explicit business guardrails. The objective is to maximize revenue and retention while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Deepit Sapru

Uplift modeling has effectively been used in fields such as marketing and customer retention, to target those customers that are most likely to respond due to the campaign or treatment. Uplift models produce uplift scores which are then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Floris Devriendt , Tias Guns , Wouter Verbeke

Estimating treatment effects is one of the most challenging and important tasks of data analysts. In many applications, like online marketing and personalized medicine, treatment needs to be allocated to the individuals where it yields a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-19 Björn Bokelmann , Stefan Lessmann

Uplift modeling and Heterogeneous Treatment Effect (HTE) estimation aim at predicting the causal effect of an action, such as a medical treatment or a marketing campaign on a specific individual. In this paper, we focus on data from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Krzysztof Rudaś , Szymon Jaroszewicz

Causal classification models are adopted across a variety of operational business processes to predict the effect of a treatment on a categorical business outcome of interest depending on the process instance characteristics. This allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Diego Olaya , Wouter Verbeke , Jente Van Belle , Marie-Anne Guerry

Uplift modeling has emerged as a crucial technique for individualized treatment effect estimation, particularly in fields such as marketing and healthcare. Modeling uplift effects in multi-treatment scenarios plays a key role in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ruyue Zhang , Xiaopeng Ke , Ming Liu , Fangzhou Shi , Chang Men , Zhengdan Zhu

Machine learning algorithms can now outperform classic economic models in predicting quantities ranging from bargaining outcomes, to choice under uncertainty, to an individual's future jobs and wages. Yet this predictive accuracy comes at a…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-08-27 Annie Liang