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Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous spots, before proceeding forward as usual. In this work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

Suppose that $n$ drivers each choose a preferred parking space in a linear car park with $m$ spaces. Each driver goes to the chosen space and parks there if it is free, and otherwise takes the first available space with larger number (if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-08 Peter J. Cameron , Daniel Johannsen , Thomas Prellberg , Pascal Schweitzer

Consider $n$ cars $C_1, C_2, \ldots, C_n$ that want to park in a parking lot with parking spaces $1,2,\ldots,n$ that appear in order. Each car $C_i$ has a parking preference $\alpha_i \in \{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. The cars appear in order, if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-29 Melanie Tian , Enrique Treviño

In a parking function, a lucky car is a car that parks in its preferred parking spot and the parking outcome is the permutation encoding the order in which the cars park on the street. We give a characterization for the set of parking…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-11 Pamela E. Harris , Lucy Martinez

Existing parking recommendation solutions mainly focus on finding and suggesting parking spaces based on the unoccupied options only. However, there are other factors associated with parking spaces that can influence someone's choice of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Mohammad Saiedur Rahaman , Wei Shao , Flora D. Salim , Ayad Turky , Andy Song , Jeffrey Chan , Junliang Jiang , Doug Bradbrook

In a parking function, a car is considered lucky if it is able to park in its preferred spot. Extending work of Harris and Martinez, we enumerate outcomes of parking functions with a fixed set of lucky cars. We then consider a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Melanie Ferreri , Pamela E. Harris , Lucy Martinez , Eric Swartz

Smart Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) will contribute to vehicle decision-making in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Multi-Vehicle Pursuit games (MVP), a multi-vehicle cooperative ability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Zheng Yuan , Tianhao Wu , Qinwen Wang , Yiying Yang , Lei Li , Lin Zhang

We introduce a generalization of parking functions called $t$-metered $(m,n)$-parking functions, in which one of $m$ cars parks among $n$ spots per hour then leaves after $t$ hours. We characterize and enumerate these sequences for $t=1$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Spencer Daugherty , Pamela E. Harris , Ian Klein , Matt McClinton

Models of parking in which cars are placed randomly and then move according to a deterministic rule have been studied since the work of Konheim and Weiss in the 1960s. Recently, Damron, Gravner, Junge, Lyu, and Sivakoff introduced a model…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-08-19 Michał Przykucki , Alexander Roberts , Alex Scott

Interval parking functions are a generalization of parking functions in which cars have an interval preference for their parking. We generalize this definition to parking functions with $n$ cars and $m\geq n$ parking spots, which we call…

Motivated by the rapid development of autonomous vehicle technology, this work focuses on the challenges of introducing them in ride-hailing platforms with conventional strategic human drivers. We consider a ride-hailing platform that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Shuqin Gao , Xinyuan Wu , Antonis Dimakis , Costas Courcoubetis

Two multivehicle routing problems are considered in the framework that a visit to a location must take place during a specific time window in order to be counted and all time windows are the same length. In the first problem, the goal is to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-01-21 Greg N. Frederickson , Barry Wittman

The aim of the bi-objective multimodal car-sharing problem (BiO-MMCP) is to determine the optimal mode of transport assignment for trips and to schedule the routes of available cars and users whilst minimizing cost and maximizing user…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Miriam Enzi , Sophie N. Parragh , Jakob Puchinger

We study the enumeration problem for different kind of tree parking functions introduced recently, called tree parking functions, tree parking distributions, prime tree parking functions, and prime tree parking distributions, for rooted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-30 Alois Panholzer

We recall that the $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$ (a generalization of parking functions) are defined by requiring that a car which finds its preferred spot occupied must first back up a spot at a time (up to $k$ spots) before…

Given a strictly increasing sequence $\mathbf{t}$ with entries from $[n]:=\{1,\ldots,n\}$, a parking completion is a sequence $\mathbf{c}$ with $|\mathbf{t}|+|\mathbf{c}|=n$ and $|\{t\in \mathbf{t}\mid t\le i\}|+|\{c\in \mathbf{c}\mid c\le…

In many applications of social navigation, existing works have shown that predicting and reasoning about human intentions can help robotic agents make safer and more socially acceptable decisions. In this work, we study this problem for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Long Kiu Chung , David Isele , Faizan M. Tariq , Sangjae Bae , Shreyas Kousik , Jovin D'sa

We introduce a prioritized system-optimal algorithm for mandatory lane change (MLC) behavior of connected and automated vehicles (CAV) from a dedicated lane. Our approach applies a cooperative lane change that prioritizes the decisions of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Nachuan Li , Austen Z. Fan , Riley Fischer , Wissam Kontar , Bin Ran

Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous slots, before proceedings forward as usual. In our…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

In this paper, we view parking functions viewed as labeled Dyck paths in order to study a notion of pattern avoidance first introduced by Remmel and Qiu. In particular we enumerate the parking functions avoiding any set of two or more…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-30 Ayomikun Adeniran , Lara Pudwell