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Related papers: ContextRef: Evaluating Referenceless Metrics For I…

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Few images on the Web receive alt-text descriptions that would make them accessible to blind and low vision (BLV) users. Image-based NLG systems have progressed to the point where they can begin to address this persistent societal problem,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Elisa Kreiss , Cynthia Bennett , Shayan Hooshmand , Eric Zelikman , Meredith Ringel Morris , Christopher Potts

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

Evaluating image captions typically relies on reference captions, which are costly to obtain and exhibit significant diversity and subjectivity. While reference-free evaluation metrics have been proposed, most focus on cross-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Tianyu Cui , Jinbin Bai , Guo-Hua Wang , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Ye Shi

Cross-lingual image captioning, with its ability to caption an unlabeled image in a target language other than English, is an emerging topic in the multimedia field. In order to save the precious human resource from re-writing reference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Aozhu Chen , Xinyi Huang , Hailan Lin , Xirong Li

To establish the trustworthiness of systems that automatically generate text captions for audio, images and video, existing reference-free metrics rely on large pretrained models which are impractical to accommodate in resource-constrained…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Rehana Mahfuz , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

Recently, reference-free metrics such as CLIPScore (Hessel et al., 2021), UMIC (Lee et al., 2021), and PAC-S (Sarto et al., 2023) have been proposed for automatic reference-free evaluation of image captions. Our focus lies in evaluating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Saba Ahmadi , Aishwarya Agrawal

Camouflage is primarily context-dependent yet current metrics for camouflaged scenarios overlook this critical factor. Instead, these metrics are originally designed for evaluating general or salient objects, with an inherent assumption of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chen-Yang Wang , Gepeng Ji , Song Shao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Deng-Ping Fan

The core objective of image captioning is to achieve lossless semantic compression from visual signals into textual modalities. However, the reliance on manually curated reference texts for evaluation essentially forces models to mimic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ziyun Chen , Fan Liu , Liang Yao , Chuanyi Zhang , Yuye Ma , Wei Zhou

We introduce a novel cross-reference image quality assessment method that effectively fills the gap in the image assessment landscape, complementing the array of established evaluation schemes -- ranging from full-reference metrics like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Zirui Wang , Wenjing Bian , Victor Adrian Prisacariu

Image captioning evaluation metrics can be divided into two categories, reference-based metrics and reference-free metrics. However, reference-based approaches may struggle to evaluate descriptive captions with abundant visual details…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zequn Zeng , Jianqiao Sun , Hao Zhang , Tiansheng Wen , Yudi Su , Yan Xie , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen

Numerous single-image super-resolution algorithms have been proposed in the literature, but few studies address the problem of performance evaluation based on visual perception. While most super-resolution images are evaluated by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-12-20 Chao Ma , Chih-Yuan Yang , Xiaokang Yang , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Automatic image captioning evaluation is critical for benchmarking and promoting advances in image captioning research. Existing metrics only provide a single score to measure caption qualities, which are less explainable and informative.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Anwen Hu , Shizhe Chen , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

Existing metrics for assessing question generation not only require costly human reference but also fail to take into account the input context of generation, rendering the lack of deep understanding of the relevance between the generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Xiaoqiang Wang , Bang Liu , Siliang Tang , Lingfei Wu

Image captioning has become an essential Vision & Language research task. It is about predicting the most accurate caption given a specific image or video. The research community has achieved impressive results by continuously proposing new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Guillermo Ruiz , Tania Ramírez , Daniela Moctezuma

As interest grows in generating long, detailed image captions, standard evaluation metrics become increasingly unreliable. N-gram-based metrics though efficient, fail to capture semantic correctness. Representational Similarity (RS)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Xiaofu Chen , Israfel Salazar , Yova Kementchedjhieva

This paper introduces NoRefER, a novel referenceless quality metric for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Traditional reference-based metrics for evaluating ASR systems require costly ground-truth transcripts. NoRefER overcomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Thiago Ferreira , Golara Javadi , Mohamed El-Badrashiny , Ahmet Gunduz

The task of automated code review has recently gained a lot of attention from the machine learning community. However, current review comment evaluation metrics rely on comparisons with a human-written reference for a given code change…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Atharva Naik , Marcus Alenius , Daniel Fried , Carolyn Rose

Generating images conditioned on multiple visual references is critical for real-world applications such as multi-subject composition, narrative illustration, and novel view synthesis, yet current models suffer from severe performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zhekai Chen , Yuqing Wang , Manyuan Zhang , Xihui Liu

A robust evaluation metric has a profound impact on the development of text generation systems. A desirable metric compares system output against references based on their semantics rather than surface forms. In this paper we investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Wei Zhao , Maxime Peyrard , Fei Liu , Yang Gao , Christian M. Meyer , Steffen Eger

Effectively aligning with human judgment when evaluating machine-generated image captions represents a complex yet intriguing challenge. Existing evaluation metrics like CIDEr or CLIP-Score fall short in this regard as they do not take into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Sara Sarto , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara
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