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Neuro-symbolic NLP methods aim to leverage the complementary strengths of large language models and formal logical solvers. However, current approaches are mostly static in nature, i.e., the integration of a target solver is predetermined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lei Xu , Pierre Beckmann , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

The utility and power of Natural Language Processing (NLP) seems destined to change our technological society in profound and fundamental ways. However there are, to date, few accessible descriptions of the science of NLP that have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2012-09-28 Kevin Mote

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at understanding natural language but struggle with explicit commonsense reasoning. A recent trend of research suggests that the combination of LLM with robust symbolic reasoning systems can overcome this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Manuel Borroto , Katie Gallagher , Antonio Ielo , Irfan Kareem , Francesco Ricca , Alessandra Russo

With the growing capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they are increasingly applied in areas like intelligent customer service, code generation, and knowledge management. Natural language (NL) prompts act as the ``APIs'' for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zhenchang Xing , Yang Liu , Zhuo Cheng , Qing Huang , Dehai Zhao , Daniel Sun , Chenhua Liu

Automatically generating high-quality step-by-step solutions to math word problems has many applications in education. Recently, combining large language models (LLMs) with external tools to perform complex reasoning and calculation has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Joy He-Yueya , Gabriel Poesia , Rose E. Wang , Noah D. Goodman

Logical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and a key component of tasks like problem-solving and decision-making. Recent advancements have enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to potentially exhibit reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jiazhan Feng , Ruochen Xu , Junheng Hao , Hiteshi Sharma , Yelong Shen , Dongyan Zhao , Weizhu Chen

Solving math word problems is a challenging task that requires accurate natural language understanding to bridge natural language texts and math expressions. Motivated by the intuition about how human generates the equations given the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Ting-Rui Chiang , Yun-Nung Chen

Understanding and creating mathematics using natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - is a challenging and important problem for driving progress in machine learning. As a step in this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ronan Le Bras , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi , Kyunghyun Cho

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized NLP by solving downstream tasks with little to no labeled data. Despite their versatile abilities, the larger question of their ability to reason remains ill-understood. This paper addresses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Vedant Gaur , Nikunj Saunshi

Large language models (LLMs) have displayed an impressive ability to harness natural language to perform complex tasks. In this work, we explore whether we can leverage this learned ability to find and explain patterns in data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Chandan Singh , John X. Morris , Jyoti Aneja , Alexander M. Rush , Jianfeng Gao

Mathematical reasoning is one of the crucial abilities of general artificial intelligence, which requires machines to master mathematical logic and knowledge from solving problems. However, existing approaches are not transparent (thus not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Jiayu Liu , Zhenya Huang , Chengxiang Zhai , Qi Liu

We present dPASP, a novel declarative probabilistic logic programming framework for differentiable neuro-symbolic reasoning. The framework allows for the specification of discrete probabilistic models with neural predicates, logic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Renato Lui Geh , Jonas Gonçalves , Igor Cataneo Silveira , Denis Deratani Mauá , Fabio Gagliardi Cozman

Deep Learning methods employ multiple processing layers to learn hierarchial representations of data. They have already been deployed in a humongous number of applications and have produced state-of-the-art results. Recently with the growth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Sarvesh Patil

Large language models (LLMs) can prove mathematical theorems formally by generating proof steps (\textit{a.k.a.} tactics) within a proof system. However, the space of possible tactics is vast and complex, while the available training data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Zenan Li , Zhaoyu Li , Wen Tang , Xian Zhang , Yuan Yao , Xujie Si , Fan Yang , Kaiyu Yang , Xiaoxing Ma

"Natural Language," whether spoken and attended to by humans, or processed and generated by computers, requires networked structures that reflect creative processes in semantic, syntactic, phonetic, linguistic, social, emotional, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Joseph Corneli , Miriam Corneli

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in situations where human values are at stake, such as decision-making tasks that involve reasoning when performed by humans. We investigate the so-called reasoning capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Nathaniël de Leeuw , Marceau Nahon , Mathis Reymond , Raja Chatila , Mehdi Khamassi

Pre-trained word embeddings are the primary method for transfer learning in several Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Recent works have focused on using unsupervised techniques such as language modeling to obtain these embeddings. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Mihir Kale , Aditya Siddhant , Sreyashi Nag , Radhika Parik , Matthias Grabmair , Anthony Tomasic

Over the last decades, deep neural networks based-models became the dominant paradigm in machine learning. Further, the use of artificial neural networks in symbolic learning has been seen as increasingly relevant recently. To study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 João Flach , Alvaro F. Moreira , Luis C. Lamb

The ability to think abstractly and reason by analogy is a prerequisite to rapidly adapt to new conditions, tackle newly encountered problems by decomposing them, and synthesize knowledge to solve problems comprehensively. We present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jakub Bednarek , Krzysztof Krawiec

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature concerning the utilization of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, with a particular focus on transformer-based large language models (LLMs) trained using Big Code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Man Fai Wong , Shangxin Guo , Ching Nam Hang , Siu Wai Ho , Chee Wei Tan