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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods allow for gigapixel Whole-Slide Image (WSI) analysis with only slide-level annotations. Interpretability is crucial for safely deploying such algorithms in high-stakes medical domains. Traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Susu Sun , Leslie Tessier , Frédérique Meeuwsen , Clément Grisi , Dominique van Midden , Geert Litjens , Christian F. Baumgartner

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are critical for cancer diagnosis due to their ultra-high resolution and rich semantic content. However, their massive size and the limited availability of fine-grained annotations pose substantial challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Daoxi Cao , Hangbei Cheng , Yijin Li , Ruolin Zhou , Xuehan Zhang , Xinyi Li , Binwei Li , Xuancheng Gu , Jianan Zhang , Xueyu Liu , Yongfei Wu

We developed a software pipeline for quality control (QC) of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) that segments various regions, such as blurs of different levels, tissue regions, tissue folds, and pen marks. Given the necessity and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Abhijeet Patil , Garima Jain , Harsh Diwakar , Jay Sawant , Tripti Bameta , Swapnil Rane , Amit Sethi

Deep neural networks are increasingly applied in automated histopathology. Yet, whole-slide images (WSIs) are often acquired at gigapixel sizes, rendering them computationally infeasible to analyze entirely at high resolution. Diagnostic…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Tarun G , Naman Malpani , Gugan Thoppe , Sridharan Devarajan

Histopathological images provide rich information for disease diagnosis. Large numbers of histopathological images have been digitized into high resolution whole slide images, opening opportunities in developing computational image analysis…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-06 Jiayun Li , Wenyuan Li , Anthony Sisk , Huihui Ye , W. Dean Wallace , William Speier , Corey W. Arnold

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu

Advances in medical imaging and deep learning have propelled progress in whole slide image (WSI) analysis, with multiple instance learning (MIL) showing promise for efficient and accurate diagnostics. However, conventional MIL models often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xianrui Li , Yufei Cui , Jun Li , Antoni B. Chan

This paper introduces MAD-MIL, a Multi-head Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning model, designed for weakly supervised Whole Slide Images (WSIs) classification in digital pathology. Inspired by the multi-head attention mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Josien Pluim , Mitko Veta

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are high-resolution digital scans widely used in medical diagnostics. WSI classification is typically approached using Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), where the slide is partitioned into tiles treated as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sharon Peled , Yosef E. Maruvka , Moti Freiman

Presenting whole slide images (WSIs) as graph will enable a more efficient and accurate learning framework for cancer diagnosis. Due to the fact that a single WSI consists of billions of pixels and there is a lack of vast annotated datasets…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Milan Aryal , Nasim Yahyasoltani

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) models have achieved remarkable success in analyzing whole slide images (WSIs) for disease classification problems. However, with regard to gigapixel WSI classification problems, current MIL models are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Due to its superior efficiency in utilizing annotations and addressing gigapixel-sized images, multiple instance learning (MIL) has shown great promise as a framework for whole slide image (WSI) classification in digital pathology…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-14 Qiehe Sun , Jiawen Li , Jin Xu , Junru Cheng , Tian Guan , Yonghong He

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been increasingly used in the classification of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, MIL approaches for this specific classification problem still face unique challenges, particularly those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Hongrun Zhang , Yanda Meng , Yitian Zhao , Yihong Qiao , Xiaoyun Yang , Sarah E. Coupland , Yalin Zheng

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song

The rapidly emerging field of computational pathology has the potential to enable objective diagnosis, therapeutic response prediction and identification of new morphological features of clinical relevance. However, deep learning-based…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-25 Ming Y. Lu , Drew F. K. Williamson , Tiffany Y. Chen , Richard J. Chen , Matteo Barbieri , Faisal Mahmood

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a popular method for classifying histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, existing approaches typically rely on pre-trained models from large natural image datasets, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Yi Lin , Zhongchen Zhao , Zhengjie ZHU , Lisheng Wang , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Hao Chen

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

Current multi-instance learning algorithms for pathology image analysis often require a substantial number of Whole Slide Images for effective training but exhibit suboptimal performance in scenarios with limited learning data. In clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Linhao Qu , Dingkang Yang , Dan Huang , Qinhao Guo , Rongkui Luo , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaosong Wang