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Continual learning studies agents that learn from streams of tasks without forgetting previous ones while adapting to new ones. Two recent continual-learning scenarios have opened new avenues of research. In meta-continual learning, the…

Continual learning is the ability to acquire new knowledge without forgetting the previously learned one, assuming no further access to past training data. Neural network approximators trained with gradient descent are known to fail in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Rodrigue Siry

As machine learning systems increasingly train on self-annotated data, they risk reinforcing errors and becoming echo chambers of their own beliefs. We model this phenomenon by introducing a learning-theoretic framework: Online Learning in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Daniil Dmitriev , Harald Eskelund Franck , Carolin Heinzler , Amartya Sanyal

By learning a sequence of tasks continually, an agent in continual learning (CL) can improve the learning performance of both a new task and `old' tasks by leveraging the forward knowledge transfer and the backward knowledge transfer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Sen Lin , Li Yang , Deliang Fan , Junshan Zhang

Contrastive representation learning has emerged as a promising technique for continual learning as it can learn representations that are robust to catastrophic forgetting and generalize well to unseen future tasks. Previous work in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Rouzbeh Meshkinnejad , Jie Mei , Daniel Lizotte , Yalda Mohsenzadeh

Continual learning is the problem of learning and retaining knowledge through time over multiple tasks and environments. Research has primarily focused on the incremental classification setting, where new tasks/classes are added at discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Zhipeng Cai , Ozan Sener , Vladlen Koltun

Continual Learning (CL) aims at incrementally learning new tasks without forgetting the knowledge acquired from old ones. Experience Replay (ER) is a simple and effective rehearsal-based strategy, which optimizes the model with current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Tao Zhuo , Zhiyong Cheng , Zan Gao , Hehe Fan , Mohan Kankanhalli

Contrastive learning is an effective unsupervised method in graph representation learning. Recently, the data augmentation based contrastive learning method has been extended from images to graphs. However, most prior works are directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shengyu Feng , Baoyu Jing , Yada Zhu , Hanghang Tong

Continuously learning new classes without catastrophic forgetting is a challenging problem for on-device acoustic event classification given the restrictions on computation resources (e.g., model size, running memory). To alleviate such an…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Yang Xiao

Reinforcement Learning enables agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with environments. However, real-world environments are typically non-stationary, requiring agents to continuously adapt to new tasks and changing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jinwu Hu , Zihao Lian , Zhiquan Wen , Chenghao Li , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Bin Xiao , Mingkui Tan

Non-exemplar class incremental learning aims to learn both the new and old tasks without accessing any training data from the past. This strict restriction enlarges the difficulty of alleviating catastrophic forgetting since all techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Jiang-Tian Zhai , Xialei Liu , Lu Yu , Ming-Ming Cheng

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is able to build latent representations that generalize well to unseen data. However, only a few SSL techniques exist for the online CL setting, where data arrives in small minibatches, the model must comply…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Giacomo Cignoni , Andrea Cossu , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Joost van de Weijer , Antonio Carta

Current weakly-supervised incremental learning for semantic segmentation (WILSS) approaches only consider replacing pixel-level annotations with image-level labels, while the training images are still from well-designed datasets. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Chang Liu , Giulia Rizzoli , Pietro Zanuttigh , Fu Li , Yi Niu

Online Continual Learning (CL) solves the problem of learning the ever-emerging new classification tasks from a continuous data stream. Unlike its offline counterpart, in online CL, the training data can only be seen once. Most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Maorong Wang , Nicolas Michel , Ling Xiao , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Class-incremental learning (CIL) suffers from the notorious dilemma between learning newly added classes and preserving previously learned class knowledge. That catastrophic forgetting issue could be mitigated by storing historical data for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Tianlong Chen , Sijia Liu , Shiyu Chang , Lisa Amini , Zhangyang Wang

The main purpose of incremental learning is to learn new knowledge while not forgetting the knowledge which have been learned before. At present, the main challenge in this area is the catastrophe forgetting, namely the network will lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Qiuyu Zhu , Zikuang He , Xin Ye

Existing adversarial learning approaches mostly use class labels to generate adversarial samples that lead to incorrect predictions, which are then used to augment the training of the model for improved robustness. While some recent works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Minseon Kim , Jihoon Tack , Sung Ju Hwang

Continual relation extraction (CRE) aims to extract relations towards the continuous and iterative arrival of new data, of which the major challenge is the catastrophic forgetting of old tasks. In order to alleviate this critical problem…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Chengwei Hu , Deqing Yang , Haoliang Jin , Zhen Chen , Yanghua Xiao

One of the key differences between the learning mechanism of humans and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is the ability of humans to learn one task at a time. ANNs, on the other hand, can only learn multiple tasks simultaneously. Any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Khurram Javed , Faisal Shafait

Continual learning aims to acquire tasks sequentially without catastrophic forgetting, yet standard strategies face a core tradeoff: regularization-based methods (e.g., EWC) can overconstrain updates when task optima are weakly overlapping,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zekun Wang , Anant Gupta , Christopher J. MacLellan