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Sustainable water quality underpins ecological balance and water security. Assessing and managing lakes and reservoirs is difficult due to data sparsity, heterogeneity, and nonlinear relationships among parameters. This review examines how…
Self-Organizing Map algorithms have been used for almost 40 years across various application domains such as biology, geology, healthcare, industry and humanities as an interpretable tool to explore, cluster and visualize high-dimensional…
Results of neural network learning are always subject to some variability, due to the sensitivity to initial conditions, to convergence to local minima, and, sometimes more dramatically, to sampling variability. This paper presents a set of…
Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are a technique that has been used with high-dimensional data vectors to develop an archetypal set of states (nodes) that span, in some sense, the high-dimensional space. Noteworthy applications include weather…
We introduce a multidimensional, neural-network approach to reveal and measure urban segregation phenomena, based on the Self-Organizing Map algorithm (SOM). The multidimensionality of SOM allows one to apprehend a large number of variables…
The growing amount of data produced by simulations and observations of space physics processes encourages the use of methods rooted in Machine Learning for data analysis and physical discovery. We apply a clustering method based on…
Accurate waste classification is vital for achieving sustainable waste management and reducing the environmental footprint of urbanization. Misclassification of recyclable materials contributes to landfill accumulation, inefficient…
Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is a promising tool for exploring large multi-dimensional data sets. It is quick and convenient to train in an unsupervised fashion and, as an outcome, it produces natural clusters of data patterns. An example of…
A Parallel Self-Organizing Map (Parallel-SOM) is proposed to modify Kohonen's SOM in parallel computing environment. In this model, two separate layers of neurons are connected together. The number of neurons in both layers and connections…
Self-Organising Maps (SOMs) are effective tools in classification problems, and in recent years the even more powerful Dynamic Growing Neural Networks, a variant of SOMs, have been developed. Automatic Classification (also called…
This work presents a mathematical treatment of the relation between Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs). We show that energy-based SOM models can be interpreted as performing gradient descent, minimizing an…
A self-organizing map (SOM) is a type of competitive artificial neural network, which projects the high-dimensional input space of the training samples into a low-dimensional space with the topology relations preserved. This makes SOMs…
The self-organizing map (SOM) is an unsupervised artificial neural network that is widely used in, e.g., data mining and visualization. Supervised and semi-supervised learning methods have been proposed for the SOM. However, their teacher…
Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) are a classical method for unsupervised learning, vector quantization, and topographic mapping of high-dimensional data. However, existing SOM formulations often involve a trade-off between computational…
In this paper we explore the applicability of the unsupervised machine learning technique of Self Organizing Maps (SOM) to estimate galaxy photometric redshift probability density functions (PDFs). This technique takes a spectroscopic…
Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) are popular unsupervised artificial neural network used to reduce dimensions and visualize data. Visual interpretation from Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) has been limited due to grid approach of data representation,…
There has been an increasing interest in semi-supervised learning in the recent years because of the great number of datasets with a large number of unlabeled data but only a few labeled samples. Semi-supervised learning algorithms can work…
In many research fields, the sizes of the existing datasets vary widely. Hence, there is a need for machine learning techniques which are well-suited for these different datasets. One possible technique is the self-organizing map (SOM), a…
Determining the number of clusters in a dataset is a fundamental issue in data clustering. Many methods have been proposed to solve the problem of selecting the number of clusters, considering it to be a problem with regard to model…
This paper defines a new learning architecture, Layered Self-Organizing Maps (LSOMs), that uses the SOM and supervised-SOM learning algorithms. The architecture is validated with the MNIST database of hand-written digit images. LSOMs are…