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In view of the enormous difficulties we seem to face in quantizing general relativity, we should perhaps consider the possibility that gravity is a fundamentally classical interaction. Theoretical arguments against such mixed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-28 S. Carlip

We consider two interacting systems when one is treated classically while the other system remains quantum. Consistent dynamics of this coupling has been shown to exist, and explored in the context of treating space-time classically. Here,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 Jonathan Oppenheim , Carlo Sparaciari , Barbara Šoda , Zachary Weller-Davies

When gravity is sourced by a quantum system, there is tension between its role as the mediator of a fundamental interaction, which is expected to acquire nonclassical features, and its role in determining the properties of spacetime, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Thomas D. Galley , Flaminia Giacomini , John H. Selby

The effort to discover a quantum theory of gravity is motivated by the need to reconcile the incompatibility between quantum theory and general relativity. Here, we present an alternative approach by constructing a consistent theory of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-11-28 Jonathan Oppenheim

Gravity is specifically the attractive force between two masses separated at a distance. Is this force a derived or a fundamental interaction? We believe that all fundamental interactions are quantum in nature but a derived interaction may…

General Physics · Physics 2012-06-01 Yuan K. Ha

The unification of gravity and quantum mechanics remains one of the most profound open questions in science. With recent advances in quantum technology, an experimental idea first proposed by Richard Feynman is now regarded as a promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Joseph Aziz , Richard Howl

The question of whether gravity is fundamentally quantum remains one of the most profound open problems in modern physics. A recently explored approach consists in testing gravity's ability to entangle quantum systems, which requires…

One of the great challenges for 21st century physics is to quantize gravity and generate a theory that will unify gravity with the other three fundamental forces of nature. This paper takes the (heretical) point of view that gravity may be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-04-17 Stephen Boughn

Recent progress in table-top experiments offers the opportunity to show for the first time that gravity is not compatible with a classical description. In all current experimental proposals, such as the generation of gravitationally induced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-05 Lin-Qing Chen , Flaminia Giacomini

A new proof of the impossibility of a universal quantum-classical dynamics is given. It has at least two consequences. The standard paradigm ``quantum system is measured by a classical apparatus" is untenable, while a quantum matter can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 Daniel R. Terno

A new direction to understand gravity has recently been explored by considering classical gravity to be a derived interaction from an underlying theory. This underlying theory would involve new degrees of freedom at a deeper level and it…

General Physics · Physics 2014-03-10 Yuan K. Ha

Whether gravity must be quantized remains one of the biggest open problems in fundamental physics. Classical-quantum hybrid theories have recently attracted attention as a possible framework in which gravity is treated classically yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Masahiro Hotta , Sebastian Murk , Daniel R. Terno

In hybrid classical-quantum theories, the dynamics of the classical system induce the classicality of the quantum system, meaning that such models do not necessarily require a measurement postulate to describe probabilistic measurement…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-28 Zachary Weller-Davies

We consider the coupling of quantum fields to classical gravity in the formalism of ensembles on configuration space, a model that allows a consistent formulation of interacting classical and quantum systems. Explicit calculations show that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-19 Marcel Reginatto , Michael J. W. Hall

A consistent description of interactions between classical and quantum systems is relevant to quantum measurement theory, and to calculations in quantum chemistry and quantum gravity. A solution is offered here to this longstanding problem,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Michael J. W. Hall , Marcel Reginatto

The quantum nature of gravity remains experimentally unverified, despite recent proposals to probe it using tabletop experiments such as gravity-mediated entanglement schemes. In parallel, consistent formulations of classical--quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Shogo Tomizuka , Hiroki Takeda

One of the outstanding questions in modern physics is how to test whether gravity is classical or quantum in a laboratory. Recently there has been a proposal to test the quantum nature of gravity by creating quantum superpositions of two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Fabian Gunnink , Anupam Mazumdar , Martine Schut , Marko Toroš

Quantum states of gravitational source masses can lead to experimental outcomes that are inconsistent with the predictions of a purely classical field theory of gravity. Environmental decoherence places strict boundary conditions to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 Markus Aspelmeyer

We discuss the quantum mechanical description of a gravitational wave interacting with a cavity electromagnetic field. Quantum fluctuations of the gravitational vacuum induce squeezing in the optical field. Moreover, this squeezing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-19 Thiago Guerreiro

I argue that it is possible for a theory to be neither quantized nor classical. We should therefore give up the assumption that the fundamental theory which describes gravity at shortest distances must either be quantized, or quantization…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-12-04 Sabine Hossenfelder
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