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Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a regression method that aims to discover mathematical expressions that describe the relationship between variables, and it is often implemented through Genetic Programming, a metaphor for the process of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia

Neither deep neural networks nor symbolic AI alone has approached the kind of intelligence expressed in humans. This is mainly because neural networks are not able to decompose joint representations to obtain distinct objects (the so-called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Michael Hersche , Mustafa Zeqiri , Luca Benini , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

This paper presents a hybrid methodology that enhances the training process of deep learning (DL) models by embedding domain expert knowledge using ontologies and answer set programming (ASP). By integrating these symbolic AI methods, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Fadi Al Machot , Martin Thomas Horsch , Habib Ullah

Given a natural language instruction and an input scene, our goal is to train a model to output a manipulation program that can be executed by the robot. Prior approaches for this task possess one of the following limitations: (i) rely on…

The recommendation system is not only a problem of inductive statistics from data but also a cognitive task that requires reasoning ability. The most advanced graph neural networks have been widely used in recommendation systems because…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Bang Chen , Wei Peng , Maonian Wu , Bo Zheng , Shaojun Zhu

Neurosymbolic AI (NeSy) aims to integrate the statistical strengths of neural networks with the interpretability and structure of symbolic reasoning. However, current NeSy frameworks like DeepProbLog enforce a fixed flow where symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Adem Kikaj , Giuseppe Marra , Floris Geerts , Robin Manhaeve , Luc De Raedt

This work introduces a neuro-symbolic agent that combines deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with temporal logic (TL) to achieve systematic zero-shot, i.e., never-seen-before, generalisation of formally specified instructions. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Borja G. León , Murray Shanahan , Francesco Belardinelli

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across industries, driven by advances in deep learning and natural language processing, and fueled by large-scale data and computing resources. Despite its rapid adoption,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Sebastian Seidel , Uwe M. Borghoff

Neuro-symbolic learning generally consists of two separated worlds, i.e., neural network training and symbolic constraint solving, whose success hinges on symbol grounding, a fundamental problem in AI. This paper presents a novel, softened…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Zenan Li , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Jingwei Xu , Chun Cao , Xiaoxing Ma , Jian Lü

This survey explores the integration of learning and reasoning in two different fields of artificial intelligence: neurosymbolic and statistical relational artificial intelligence. Neurosymbolic artificial intelligence (NeSy) studies the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Giuseppe Marra , Sebastijan Dumančić , Robin Manhaeve , Luc De Raedt

We propose the Neural Logic Machine (NLM), a neural-symbolic architecture for both inductive learning and logic reasoning. NLMs exploit the power of both neural networks---as function approximators, and logic programming---as a symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Honghua Dong , Jiayuan Mao , Tian Lin , Chong Wang , Lihong Li , Denny Zhou

It is expected that progress toward true artificial intelligence will be achieved through the emergence of a system that integrates representation learning and complex reasoning (LeCun et al. 2015). In response to this prediction, research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Ju-Hong Lee , Moon-Ju Kang , Bumghi Choi

We present Scallop, a language which combines the benefits of deep learning and logical reasoning. Scallop enables users to write a wide range of neurosymbolic applications and train them in a data- and compute-efficient manner. It achieves…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Ziyang Li , Jiani Huang , Mayur Naik

Symbolic Regression aims to automatically identify compact and interpretable mathematical expressions that model the functional relationship between input and output variables. Most existing search-based symbolic regression methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jianwen Sun , Xinrui Li , Fuqing Li , Xiaoxuan Shen

A recent approach to neurosymbolic reasoning is to explicitly combine the strengths of large language models (LLMs) and symbolic solvers to tackle complex reasoning tasks. However, current approaches face significant limitations, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Benjamin Callewaert , Simon Vandevelde , Joost Vennekens

We design a predictive layer for structured-output prediction (SOP) that can be plugged into any neural network guaranteeing its predictions are consistent with a set of predefined symbolic constraints. Our Semantic Probabilistic Layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Kareem Ahmed , Stefano Teso , Kai-Wei Chang , Guy Van den Broeck , Antonio Vergari

Neuro-symbolic learning was proposed to address challenges with training neural networks for complex reasoning tasks with the added benefits of interpretability, reliability, and efficiency. Neuro-symbolic learning methods traditionally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Adam Stein , Aaditya Naik , Neelay Velingker , Mayur Naik , Eric Wong

This paper develops a novel methodology for using symbolic knowledge in deep learning. From first principles, we derive a semantic loss function that bridges between neural output vectors and logical constraints. This loss function captures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Jingyi Xu , Zilu Zhang , Tal Friedman , Yitao Liang , Guy Van den Broeck

Neural models and symbolic algorithms have recently been combined for tasks requiring both perception and reasoning. Neural models ground perceptual input into a conceptual vocabulary, on which a classical reasoning algorithm is applied to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ananye Agarwal , Pradeep Shenoy , Mausam