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The quantum logic gates used in the design of a quantum computer should be both universal, meaning arbitrary quantum computations can be performed, and fault-tolerant, meaning the gates keep errors from cascading out of control. A number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-08 Paul Webster , Michael Vasmer , Thomas R. Scruby , Stephen D. Bartlett

In order to use quantum error-correcting codes to actually improve the performance of a quantum computer, it is necessary to be able to perform operations fault-tolerantly on encoded states. I present a general theory of fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 Daniel Gottesman

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

We show how to perform a fault-tolerant universal quantum computation in 2D architectures using only transversal unitary operators and local syndrome measurements. Our approach is based on a doubled version of the 2D color code. It enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-11 Sergey Bravyi , Andrew Cross

The quest of demonstrating beneficial quantum error correction in near-term noisy quantum processors can benefit enormously from a low-resource optimization of fault-tolerant schemes, which are specially designed for a particular platform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 A. Bermudez , X. Xu , M. Gutiérrez , S. C. Benjamin , M. Müller

The surface code is a promising candidate for fault-tolerant quantum computation, achieving a high threshold error rate with nearest-neighbor gates in two spatial dimensions. Here, through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-18 Ashley M. Stephens

In this paper we demonstrate how data encoded in a five-qubit quantum error correction code can be converted, fault-tolerantly, into a seven-qubit Steane code. This is achieved by progressing through a series of codes, each of which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-13 Charles D. Hill , Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Blind Quantum Computation (BQC) is a delegation computing protocol that allows a client to utilize a remote quantum server to implement desired quantum computations while keeping her inputs, outputs, and algorithms private. However, qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Qiang Zhao , John C. S. Lui

When sending quantum information over a channel, we want to ensure that the message remains intact. Quantum error correction and quantum authentication both aim to protect (quantum) information, but approach this task from two very…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-18 Yfke Dulek , Garazi Muguruza , Florian Speelman

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for scalable quantum computing, but implementing it with minimal hardware overhead remains a central challenge. Large spin systems with collective degrees of freedom offer a promising route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Charlotte Franke , Dorian A. Gangloff

We designed an search algorithm in order to find a non-transversal but fault-tolerant construction of a logical controlled-phase gate for general [[n,1,d]] degenerate quantum code. Then we give an example to illustrate our algorithm for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-30 Chen Lin , Guowu Yang

Contemporary quantum computers encode and process quantum information in binary qubits (d = 2). However, many architectures include higher energy levels that are left as unused computational resources. We demonstrate a superconducting…

Transversal gates on quantum error correction codes have been a promising approach for fault-tolerant quantum computing, but are limited by the Eastin-Knill no-go theorem. Existing solutions like gate teleportation and magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Yingkai Ouyang , Yumang Jing , Gavin K. Brennen

We introduce a general framework for weak transversal gates -- probabilistic implementation of logical unitaries realized by local physical unitaries -- and propose a novel partially fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Nobuyuki Yoshioka , Alireza Seif , Andrew Cross , Ali Javadi-Abhari

The development of robust architectures capable of large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation should consider both their quantum error-correcting codes, and the underlying physical qubits upon which they are built, in tandem. Following…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Andrew S. Darmawan , Benjamin J. Brown , Arne L. Grimsmo , David K. Tuckett , Shruti Puri

We show that universal quantum computation can be concretely made fault-tolerant without mid-circuit measurements. To this end, we introduce a measurement-free deformation protocol of the Bacon-Shor code to realize a logical $\mathit{CCZ}$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Stefano Veroni , Alexandru Paler , Giacomo Giudice

Large-scale quantum computers rely on quantum error correction to protect the fragile quantum information. Among the possible candidates of quantum computing devices, silicon-based spin qubits hold a great promise due to their compatibility…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-31 Kenta Takeda , Akito Noiri , Takashi Nakajima , Takashi Kobayashi , Seigo Tarucha

We develop a scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation based on asymmetric Bacon-Shor codes, which works effectively against highly biased noise dominated by dephasing. We find the optimal Bacon-Shor block size as a function of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-08 Peter Brooks , John Preskill

Scalable quantum computing and communication requires the protection of quantum information from the detrimental effects of decoherence and noise. Previous work tackling this problem has relied on the original circuit model for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-23 B. A. Bell , D. A. Herrera-Martí , M. S. Tame , D. Markham , W. J. Wadsworth , J. G. Rarity