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In this paper, we present our approaches for the case law retrieval and the legal case entailment task in the Competition on Legal Information Extraction/Entailment (COLIEE) 2021. As first stage retrieval methods combined with neural…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Sophia Althammer , Arian Askari , Suzan Verberne , Allan Hanbury

Summarization of legal case judgement documents is a challenging problem in Legal NLP. However, not much analyses exist on how different families of summarization models (e.g., extractive vs. abstractive) perform when applied to legal case…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Abhay Shukla , Paheli Bhattacharya , Soham Poddar , Rajdeep Mukherjee , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Pawan Goyal , Saptarshi Ghosh

Summarizing Indian legal court judgments is a complex task not only due to the intricate language and unstructured nature of the legal texts, but also since a large section of the Indian population does not understand the complex English in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Debtanu Datta , Rajdeep Mukherjee , Adrijit Goswami , Saptarshi Ghosh

Automatically generating human-readable text describing the functionality of a program is the intent of source code summarization. Although neural language models achieve significant performance in this field, they are limited by their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Tong Ye , Lingfei Wu , Tengfei Ma , Xuhong Zhang , Yangkai Du , Peiyu Liu , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

Classification is a common AI problem, and vector search is a typical solution. This transforms a given body of text into a numerical representation, known as an embedding, and modern improvements to vector search focus on optimising speed…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Lee Harris

Current neural network-based methods to the problem of document summarisation struggle when applied to datasets containing large inputs. In this paper we propose a new approach to the challenge of content-selection when dealing with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Maciej Zembrzuski , Saad Mahamood

Owing to the rapidly growing multimedia content available on the Internet, extractive spoken document summarization, with the purpose of automatically selecting a set of representative sentences from a spoken document to concisely express…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-16 Kuan-Yu Chen , Shih-Hung Liu , Hsin-Min Wang , Berlin Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Traditional retrieval methods rely on transforming user queries into vector representations and retrieving documents based on cosine similarity within an embedding space. While efficient and scalable, this approach often fails to handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Felix Faltings , Wei Wei , Yujia Bao

Traditional sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models and other variations of the attention-mechanism such as hierarchical attention have been applied to the text summarization problem. Though there is a hierarchy in the way humans use language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Rajeev Bhatt Ambati , Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Prasenjit Mitra

In recent years, deep learning has revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) by enabling the development of models that can learn complex representations of language data, leading to significant improvements in performance across a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Guanghua Wang , Weili Wu

Code summarization provides a high level natural language description of the function performed by code, as it can benefit the software maintenance, code categorization and retrieval. To the best of our knowledge, most state-of-the-art…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Yao Wan , Zhou Zhao , Min Yang , Guandong Xu , Haochao Ying , Jian Wu , Philip S. Yu

Automatic summarization of legal case documents is an important and practical challenge. Apart from many domain-independent text summarization algorithms that can be used for this purpose, several algorithms have been developed specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Paheli Bhattacharya , Soham Poddar , Koustav Rudra , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Saptarshi Ghosh

Text summarization aims to condense long documents and retain key information. Critical to the success of a summarization model is the faithful inference of latent representations of words or tokens in the source documents. Most recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Bo Pang , Erik Nijkamp , Wojciech Kryściński , Silvio Savarese , Yingbo Zhou , Caiming Xiong

We propose Vec2Summ, a novel method for abstractive summarization that frames the task as semantic compression. Vec2Summ represents a document collection using a single mean vector in the semantic embedding space, capturing the central…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mao Li , Fred Conrad , Johann Gagnon-Bartsch

Word embedding methods revolve around learning continuous distributed vector representations of words with neural networks, which can capture semantic and/or syntactic cues, and in turn be used to induce similarity measures among words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-25 Kuan-Yu Chen , Shih-Hung Liu , Berlin Chen , Hsin-Min Wang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

With more and more advanced data analysis techniques emerging, people will expect these techniques to be applied in more complex tasks and solve problems in our daily lives. Text Summarization is one of famous applications in Natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Chen Jia-Chen , Guillem Senabre , Allane Caron

In this paper, we propose an alternative to deep neural networks for semantic information retrieval for the case of long documents. This new approach exploiting clustering techniques to take into account the meaning of words in Information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Paul Mbathe Mekontchou , Armel Fotsoh , Bernabe Batchakui , Eddy Ella

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu

Though many algorithms can be used to automatically summarize legal case decisions, most fail to incorporate domain knowledge about how important sentences in a legal decision relate to a representation of its document structure. For…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Yang Zhong , Diane Litman

Document retrieval systems have experienced a revitalized interest with the advent of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). RAG architecture offers a lower hallucination rate than LLM-only applications. However, the accuracy of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Kavsar Huseynova , Jafar Isbarov