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Sachs has derived quaternion field equations that fully exploit the underlying symmetry of the principle of general relativity, one in which the fundamental 10 component metric field is replaced by a 16 component four-vector quaternion.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-04-20 Horace W. Crater , Jesse Labello , Steve Rubenstein

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have attracted a lot of attention in scientific computing as their functional representation of partial differential equation (PDE) solutions offers flexibility and accuracy features. However, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xinquan Huang , Tariq Alkhalifah

A new semi-supervised machine learning package is introduced which successfully solves the Euclidean vacuum Einstein equations with a cosmological constant, without any symmetry assumptions. The model architecture contains subnetworks for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-21 Edward Hirst , Tancredi Schettini Gherardini , Alexander G. Stapleton

We study the pages in Albert Einstein's 1916 landmark paper in the Annalen der Physik where he derived his field equations for gravity. Einstein made two heuristic and physically insightful steps. The first was to obtain the field equations…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-08-23 Sam Walters

We develop a new method for calculation of quasi-normal modes of black holes, when the effective potential, which governs black hole perturbations, is known only numerically in some region near the black hole. This method can be applied to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 R. A. Konoplya , A. Zhidenko

Temporally and spatially dependent uncertain parameters are regularly encountered in engineering applications. Commonly these uncertainties are accounted for using random fields and processes, which require knowledge about the appearing…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Jan Niklas Fuhg , Ioannis Kalogeris , Amélie Fau , Nikolaos Bouklas

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have enabled significant improvements in modelling physical processes described by partial differential equations (PDEs). PINNs are based on simple architectures, and learn the behavior of complex…

The Einstein equations for static gravitational field depend on energy density and pressure. So one may expect that solutions should depend on two parameters: mass and its analogue originated from pressure. Yet the Schwarzschild solution…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-12-31 A. I. Nikishov

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), have recently become a new popular method for solving forward and inverse problems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). However, these methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Wenbo Cao , Weiwei Zhang

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) solve partial differential equations using deep learning. However, conventional PINNs perform pointwise predictions that neglect dependencies within a domain, which may result in suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Mayank Nagda , Phil Ostheimer , Thomas Specht , Frank Rhein , Fabian Jirasek , Stephan Mandt , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

In recent years, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have become a representative method for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) with neural networks. PINNs provide a novel approach to solving PDEs through optimization…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Weiwei Zhang , Wei Suo , Jiahao Song , Wenbo Cao

Recently, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have offered a powerful new paradigm for solving problems relating to differential equations. Compared to classical numerical methods PINNs have several advantages, for example their…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Ben Moseley , Andrew Markham , Tarje Nissen-Meyer

The physics informed neural network (PINN) is evolving as a viable method to solve partial differential equations. In the recent past PINNs have been successfully tested and validated to find solutions to both linear and non-linear partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Vikas Dwivedi , Nishant Parashar , Balaji Srinivasan

This paper has been withdrawn by the author due to the triviality of the considered coordinate transformations. A consistent treatment, based on the extended physical radial coordinate, is presented in the publications of the author 2000 -…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Zahid Zakir

Some exact static solutions for Einstein gravity in 2+1 dimensions coupled to abelian gauge field are discussed. Some of these solutions are three-dimensional analogs of the Schwarzschild black holes. The metrics in the regions inside and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-22 Ian I. Kogan

Higher derivative extensions of Einstein gravity are important within the string theory approach to gravity and as alternative and effective theories of gravity. H. L\"u, A. Perkins, C. Pope, K. Stelle [Phys.Rev.Lett. 114 (2015), 171601]…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-10 K. Kokkotas , R. A. Konoplya , A. Zhidenko

Recently, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and their variants have gained significant popularity as a scientific computing method for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), whereas accuracy is still its main shortcoming.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Feng Chen , Yiran Meng , Kegan Li , Chaoran Yang , Jiong Yang

We parametrically solve the Boltzmann equations governing freeze-in dark matter (DM) in alternative cosmologies with Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), a mesh-free method. Through inverse PINNs, using a single DM experimental point…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-07-04 M. P. Bento , H. B. Câmara , J. F. Seabra

This work investigates the use of shallow physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for solving forward and inverse problems of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). By reformulating PINNs as nonlinear systems, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Muhammad Luthfi Shahab , Imam Mukhlash , Hadi Susanto

Recent results on solutions of the Einstein equations with matter are surveyed and a number of open questions are stated. The first group of results presented concern asymptotically flat spacetimes, both stationary and dynamical. Then there…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Alan D. Rendall