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Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amit Agarwal , Hansa Meghwani , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Dan Roth

Inference-time computation is a powerful paradigm to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs), with Best-of-N sampling being a widely used technique. However, this method is computationally expensive, requiring both (1) an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rohin Manvi , Anikait Singh , Stefano Ermon

Uncertainty estimation remains a key challenge when adapting pre-trained language models to downstream classification tasks, with overconfidence often observed for difficult inputs. While predictive entropy provides a strong baseline for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Artem Zabolotnyi , Roman Makarov , Mile Mitrovic , Polina Proskura , Oleg Travkin , Roman Alferov , Alexey Zaytsev

Recommender systems are widely used in online services, with embedding-based models being particularly popular due to their expressiveness in representing complex signals. However, these models often function as a black box, making them…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Yuxuan Lei , Jianxun Lian , Jing Yao , Xu Huang , Defu Lian , Xing Xie

Language models (LMs) have recently shown remarkable performance on reasoning tasks by explicitly generating intermediate inferences, e.g., chain-of-thought prompting. However, these intermediate inference steps may be inappropriate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Debjit Paul , Mete Ismayilzada , Maxime Peyrard , Beatriz Borges , Antoine Bosselut , Robert West , Boi Faltings

Large language models are trained in two stages: (1) unsupervised pretraining from raw text, to learn general-purpose representations, and (2) large scale instruction tuning and reinforcement learning, to better align to end tasks and user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Chunting Zhou , Pengfei Liu , Puxin Xu , Srini Iyer , Jiao Sun , Yuning Mao , Xuezhe Ma , Avia Efrat , Ping Yu , Lili Yu , Susan Zhang , Gargi Ghosh , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , Omer Levy

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to scale, post-training pruning has emerged as a promising approach to reduce computational costs while preserving performance. Existing methods such as SparseGPT and Wanda achieve high sparsity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Sai Varun Kodathala , Rakesh Vunnam

A central piece in enabling intelligent agentic behavior in foundation models is to make them capable of introspecting upon their behavior, reasoning, and correcting their mistakes as more computation or interaction is available. Even the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yuxiao Qu , Tianjun Zhang , Naman Garg , Aviral Kumar

Pre-trained large-scale language models (LLMs) excel at producing coherent articles, yet their outputs may be untruthful, toxic, or fail to align with user expectations. Current approaches focus on using reinforcement learning with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Dehong Xu , Liang Qiu , Minseok Kim , Faisal Ladhak , Jaeyoung Do

Using AI to create autonomous researchers has the potential to accelerate scientific discovery. A prerequisite for this vision is understanding how well an AI model can identify the underlying structure of a black-box system from its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiayi Geng , Howard Chen , Dilip Arumugam , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in information-seeking and decision-making tasks. Despite their broad utility, LLMs tend to generate information that conflicts with real-world facts, and their persuasive style can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Arslan Chaudhry , Sridhar Thiagarajan , Dilan Gorur

Personalized alignments for individual users have been a long-standing goal in large language models (LLMs). We introduce Drift, a novel framework that personalizes LLMs at decoding time with implicit user preferences. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Minbeom Kim , Kang-il Lee , Seongho Joo , Hwaran Lee , Thibaut Thonet , Kyomin Jung

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is essential for safe and useful LLMs. Previous works mainly adopt reinforcement learning (RLHF) and direct preference optimization (DPO) with human feedback for alignment.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tianci Xue , Ziqi Wang , Heng Ji

Large language models (LLMs) hold the promise of solving diverse tasks when provided with appropriate natural language prompts. However, prompting often leads models to make predictions with lower accuracy compared to finetuning a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Chenyang Zhao , Xueying Jia , Vijay Viswanathan , Tongshuang Wu , Graham Neubig

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities. While most of the existing LLMs have very unbalanced performance across different languages, multilingual alignment based on translation parallel data is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Shimao Zhang , Changjiang Gao , Wenhao Zhu , Jiajun Chen , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Shujian Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are currently at the forefront of intertwining AI systems with human communication and everyday life. Therefore, it is of great importance to evaluate their emerging abilities. In this study, we show that LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

When answering questions, LLMs can convey not only an answer, but a level of confidence about the answer being correct. This includes explicit confidence markers (e.g. giving a numeric score) as well as implicit markers, like an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Elias Stengel-Eskin , Peter Hase , Mohit Bansal

There is ongoing debate about whether large language models (LLMs) can serve as substitutes for human participants in survey and experimental research. While recent work in fields such as marketing and psychology has explored the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Steven Wang , Kyle Hunt , Shaojie Tang , Kenneth Joseph

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intentions and values is crucial yet challenging. Current methods primarily rely on human preferences, which are costly and insufficient in capturing nuanced feedback expressed in natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Chi Hu , Yimin Hu , Hang Cao , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's GPT-4 and Meta's LLaMA offer a promising approach for scalable personality assessment from open-ended language. However, inferring personality traits remains challenging, and earlier work often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Jianfeng Zhu , Ruoming Jin , Karin G. Coifman