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A large language model (LLM) is one of the most important emerging machine learning applications nowadays. However, due to its huge model size and runtime increase of the memory footprint, LLM inferences suffer from the lack of memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Soojin Hwang , Jungwoo Kim , Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Jaehyuk Huh

Variation has been shown to exist across the cells within a modern DRAM chip. We empirically demonstrate a new form of variation that exists within a real DRAM chip, induced by the design and placement of different components in the DRAM…

Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are important tools in life and material sciences since they allow studying chemical and biological processes in detail. However, the inherent scalability problem of particle-particle…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Michael Schaffner , Luca Benini

Several emerging technologies for byte-addressable non-volatile memory (NVM) have been considered to replace DRAM as the main memory in computer systems during the last years. The disadvantage of a lower write endurance, compared to DRAM,…

Recent studies from several hyperscalars pinpoint to embedding layers as the most memory-intensive deep learning (DL) algorithm being deployed in today's datacenters. This paper addresses the memory capacity and bandwidth challenges of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Youngeun Kwon , Yunjae Lee , Minsoo Rhu

Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) recently became widely used, from multi-core CPUs to edge-AI accelerators. Emulation on FPGAs promises to accelerate their RTL modeling compared to slow simulations. However, realistic test stimuli are challenging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Yee Yang Tan , Felix Staudigl , Lukas Jünger , Anna Drewes , Rainer Leupers , Jan Moritz Joseph

Memory simulators are used to estimate application performance on advanced memory systems, yet they may exhibit significant discrepancies compared to real hardware. This paper investigates two key questions: (1) what causes these…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Pouya Esmaili-Dokht , Arash Yadegari , Victor Xirau , Julian Pavon , Adrian Cristal , Eduard Ayguade , Petar Radojkovic

When designing modern embedded computing systems, most software programmers choose to use multicore processors, possibly in combination with general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) and/or hardware accelerators. They also often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2015-08-31 Lesley Shannon , Eric Matthews , Nicholas Doyle , Alexandra Fedorova

FPGA-based data processing in datacenters is increasing in popularity due to the demands of modern workloads and the ensuing necessity for specialization in hardware. Driven by this trend, vendors are rapidly adapting reconfigurable devices…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Kaan Kara , Christoph Hagleitner , Dionysios Diamantopoulos , Dimitris Syrivelis , Gustavo Alonso

DRAM is a critical component of modern computing systems. Recent works propose numerous techniques (that we call DRAM techniques) to enhance DRAM-based computing systems' throughput, reliability, and computing capabilities (e.g., in-DRAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Oğuzhan Canpolat , Ataberk Olgun , David Novo , Oğuz Ergin , Onur Mutlu

This thesis introduces PEMS2, an improvement to PEMS (Parallel External Memory System). PEMS executes Bulk-Synchronous Parallel (BSP) algorithms in an External Memory (EM) context, enabling computation with very large data sets which exceed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-01-20 David E. Robillard

Improvements in main memory storage density are primarily driven by process technology scaling, which negatively impacts reliability by exacerbating various circuit-level error mechanisms. To compensate for growing error rates, both memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Minesh Patel

Large language models (LLMs) are central to modern natural language processing, delivering exceptional performance in various tasks. However, their substantial computational and memory requirements present challenges, especially for devices…

Memory-centric computing aims to enable computation capability in and near all places where data is generated and stored. As such, it can greatly reduce the large negative performance and energy impact of data access and data movement, by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Onur Mutlu , Ataberk Olgun , Geraldo F. Oliveira , Ismail Emir Yuksel

The use and location of memory in integrated circuits plays a key factor in their performance. Memory requires large physical area, access times limit overall system performance and connectivity can result in large fan-out. Modern FPGA…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Alexander E. Beasley

This study explores the use of INT8-based emulation for accelerating traditional FP64-based HPC workloads on modern GPU architectures. Through SCILIB-Accel automatic BLAS offload tool for cache-coherent Unified Memory Architecture, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hang Liu , Junjie Li , Yinzhi Wang , Niraj K. Nepal , Yang Wang

Recent hardware acceleration advances have enabled powerful specialized accelerators for finite element computations, spiking neural network inference, and sparse tensor operations. However, existing approaches face fundamental limitations:…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Chuanzhen Wang , Leo Zhang , Eric Liu

For the last thirty years, a large variety of memory allocators have been proposed. Since performance, memory usage and energy consumption of each memory allocator differs, software engineers often face difficult choices in selecting the…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-25 José L. Risco-Martín , J. Manuel Colmenar , David Atienza , J. Ignacio Hidalgo

AI acceleration has been dominated by GPUs, but the growing need for lower latency, energy efficiency, and fine-grained hardware control exposes the limits of fixed architectures. In this context, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arturo Urías Jiménez

With the rapid development of in-depth learning, neural network and deep learning algorithms have been widely used in various fields, e.g., image, video and voice processing. However, the neural network model is getting larger and larger,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Teng Wang , Chao Wang , Xuehai Zhou , Huaping Chen