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In this paper, we explore the feasibility of leveraging large language models (LLMs) to automate or otherwise assist human raters with identifying harmful content including hate speech, harassment, violent extremism, and election…

This paper investigates the challenges associated with bias, toxicity, unreliability, and lack of robustness in large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT. It emphasizes that these issues primarily stem from the quality and diversity of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Federico Torrielli

Recent high profile incidents in which the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) resulted in significant harm to individuals have brought about a growing interest in AI safety. One reason LLM safety issues occur is that models often have at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca

The prevalence of offensive content on the internet, encompassing hate speech and cyberbullying, is a pervasive issue worldwide. Consequently, it has garnered significant attention from the machine learning (ML) and natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Alphaeus Dmonte , Tejas Arya , Tharindu Ranasinghe , Marcos Zampieri

This paper addresses the critical gap in evaluating bias in multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), with a specific focus on Spanish language within culturally-aware Latin American contexts. Despite widespread global deployment, current…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Melissa Robles , Catalina Bernal , Denniss Raigoso , Mateo Dulce Rubio

Whereas much of the success of the current generation of neural language models has been driven by increasingly large training corpora, relatively little research has been dedicated to analyzing these massive sources of textual data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Joseph D. Viviano

In the pursuit of developing Large Language Models (LLMs) that adhere to societal standards, it is imperative to detect the toxicity in the generated text. The majority of existing toxicity metrics rely on encoder models trained on specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Hyukhun Koh , Dohyung Kim , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

This study introduces a prescriptive annotation benchmark grounded in humanities research to ensure consistent, unbiased labeling of offensive language, particularly for casual and non-mainstream language uses. We contribute two newly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinmeng Hou

Text-to-image (T2I) generative models are increasingly used to produce content for education, media, and public-facing communication, and are starting to be integrated into higher-impact pipelines. Since generated images tend to reinforce…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jose Luna , Yankun Wu , Xiaofei Xie , Noa Garcia

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has sparked widespread and general interest due to their strong language generation capabilities, offering great potential for both industry and research. While previous research delved into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Lukas Struppek , Minh Hieu Le , Dominik Hintersdorf , Kristian Kersting

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in products used by millions, their outputs may influence individual beliefs and, cumulatively, shape public opinion. If the behavior of LLMs can be intentionally steered toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Paul Kröger , Emilio Barkett

Hate speech has grown significantly on social media, causing serious consequences for victims of all demographics. Despite much attention being paid to characterize and detect discriminatory speech, most work has focused on explicit or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mai ElSherief , Caleb Ziems , David Muchlinski , Vaishnavi Anupindi , Jordyn Seybolt , Munmun De Choudhury , Diyi Yang

The surge in popularity of large language models has given rise to concerns about biases that these models could learn from humans. We investigate whether ingroup solidarity and outgroup hostility, fundamental social identity biases known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tiancheng Hu , Yara Kyrychenko , Steve Rathje , Nigel Collier , Sander van der Linden , Jon Roozenbeek

Racism and intolerance on social media contribute to a toxic online environment which may spill offline to foster hatred, and eventually lead to physical violence. That is the case with online antisemitism, the specific category of hatred…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Raza Ul Mustafa , Nathalie Japkowicz

Peer review is crucial for advancing and improving science through constructive criticism. However, toxic feedback can discourage authors and hinder scientific progress. This work explores an important but underexplored area: detecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Man Luo , Bradley Peterson , Rafael Gan , Hari Ramalingame , Navya Gangrade , Ariadne Dimarogona , Imon Banerjee , Phillip Howard

Progress in natural language generation research has been shaped by the ever-growing size of language models. While large language models pre-trained on web data can generate human-sounding text, they also reproduce social biases and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Celine Wald , Lukas Pfahler

As modern Large Language Models (LLMs) shatter many state-of-the-art benchmarks in a variety of domains, this paper investigates their behavior in the domains of ethics and fairness, focusing on protected group bias. We conduct a two-part…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Hadas Kotek , David Q. Sun , Zidi Xiu , Margit Bowler , Christopher Klein

We propose an aspect-guided, multi-level perturbation framework to evaluate the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in automated peer review. Our framework explores perturbations in three key components of the peer review…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiatao Li , Yanheng Li , Xinyu Hu , Mingqi Gao , Xiaojun Wan

Preference learning is a central component for aligning current LLMs, but this process can be vulnerable to data poisoning attacks. To address this concern, we introduce PoisonBench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Tingchen Fu , Mrinank Sharma , Philip Torr , Shay B. Cohen , David Krueger , Fazl Barez