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Related papers: Down the Toxicity Rabbit Hole: A Novel Framework t…

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Language is a deep-rooted means of perpetration of stereotypes and discrimination. Large Language Models (LLMs), now a pervasive technology in our everyday lives, can cause extensive harm when prone to generating toxic responses. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Simone Corbo , Luca Bancale , Valeria De Gennaro , Livia Lestingi , Vincenzo Scotti , Matteo Camilli

As toxic language becomes nearly pervasive online, there has been increasing interest in leveraging the advancements in natural language processing (NLP), from very large transformer models to automatically detecting and removing toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Austin P. Wright , Omar Shaikh , Haekyu Park , Will Epperson , Muhammed Ahmed , Stephane Pinel , Diyi Yang , Duen Horng Chau

Generic `toxicity' classifiers continue to be used for evaluating the potential for harm in natural language generation, despite mounting evidence of their shortcomings. We consider the challenge of measuring misogyny in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Aaron J. Snoswell , Lucinda Nelson , Hao Xue , Flora D. Salim , Nicolas Suzor , Jean Burgess

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed for open-ended communication, yet most bias evaluations still rely on English, classification-style tasks. We introduce \corpusname, a new multilingual, debate-style benchmark designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Muhammed Saeed , Muhammad Abdul-mageed , Shady Shehata

Dark humor often relies on subtle cultural nuances and implicit cues that require contextual reasoning to interpret, posing safety challenges that current static benchmarks fail to capture. To address this, we introduce a novel multimodal,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ahmed Sharshar , Hosam Elgendy , Saad El Dine Ahmed , Yasser Rohaim , Yuxia Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly popular but are also prone to generating bias, toxic or harmful language, which can have detrimental effects on individuals and communities. Although most efforts is put to assess and mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Caroline Brun , Vassilina Nikoulina

Toxicity has become a grave problem for many online communities and has been growing across many languages, including Russian. Hate speech creates an environment of intimidation, discrimination, and may even incite some real-world violence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Nadezhda Zueva , Madina Kabirova , Pavel Kalaidin

With the rise of online hate speech, automatic detection of Hate Speech, Offensive texts as a natural language processing task is getting popular. However, very little research has been done to detect unintended social bias from these toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Nihar Sahoo , Himanshu Gupta , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Toxic language remains an ongoing challenge on social media platforms, presenting significant issues for users and communities. This paper provides a cross-topic and cross-lingual analysis of toxicity in Reddit conversations. We collect 1.5…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Wondimagegnhue Tsegaye Tufa , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen

Increasingly, individuals who engage in online activities are expected to interact with large language model (LLM)-based chatbots. Prior work has shown that LLMs can display dialect bias, which occurs when they produce harmful responses…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Emma Harvey , Rene F. Kizilcec , Allison Koenecke

Large Language Models (LLM) have made significant advances in the recent past becoming more mainstream in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled human-facing applications. However, LLMs often generate stereotypical output inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Wu Zekun , Sahan Bulathwela , Adriano Soares Koshiyama

As large language models (LLMs) become an important way of information access, there have been increasing concerns that LLMs may intensify the spread of unethical content, including implicit bias that hurts certain populations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yuchen Wen , Keping Bi , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Machine Translation systems can produce different types of errors, some of which are characterized as critical or catastrophic due to the specific negative impact that they can have on users. In this paper we focus on one type of critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Marta R. Costa-jussà , Eric Smith , Christophe Ropers , Daniel Licht , Jean Maillard , Javier Ferrando , Carlos Escolano

Safety guardrails in large language models(LLMs) are developed to prevent malicious users from generating toxic content at a large scale. However, these measures can inadvertently introduce or reflect new biases, as LLMs may refuse to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Adel Khorramrouz , Sharon Levy

Large language models (LLMs) and small language models (SLMs) are being adopted at remarkable speed, although their safety still remains a serious concern. With the advent of multilingual S/LLMs, the question now becomes a matter of scale:…

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have intensified the need to understand and reliably curb their harmful behaviours. We introduce a multidimensional framework for probing and steering harmful content in model internals. For…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 McNair Shah , Saleena Angeline , Adhitya Rajendra Kumar , Naitik Chheda , Kevin Zhu , Vasu Sharma , Sean O'Brien , Will Cai

Detecting hateful content is a challenging and important problem. Automated tools, like machine-learning models, can help, but they require continuous training to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of social media. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jay Patel , Hrudayangam Mehta , Jeremy Blackburn

Large language models (LM) generate remarkably fluent text and can be efficiently adapted across NLP tasks. Measuring and guaranteeing the quality of generated text in terms of safety is imperative for deploying LMs in the real world; to…

Warning: This paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. There has been a significant increase in the usage of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, both in their original form and through fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaxu Zhao , Meng Fang , Shirui Pan , Wenpeng Yin , Mykola Pechenizkiy