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We construct a completely analog framework that emulates universal quantum gates and quantum algorithms. It is based on electronic circuits made of operational amplifiers, resistors and capacitors. In these circuits, input and output lines…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-10 Samuel Feldman , Hassam Ghazali , Andrey Rogachev

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as promising methods for tackling complex problems on near-term quantum devices. Among these algorithms, the Variational Quantum Linear Solver (VQLS) addresses linear systems of the form…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Gloria Turati , Alessia Marruzzo , Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema , Paolo Cremonesi

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are expected to be promising algorithms with quantum advantages that can be run at quantum computers in the close future. In this work, we review simple rules in basic quantum circuits, and propose a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Jaehoon Hahm , Hayeon Kim , Young June Park

Quantum state tomography is a key process in most quantum experiments. In this work, we employ quantum machine learning for state tomography. Given an unknown quantum state, it can be learned by maximizing the fidelity between the output of…

The quantum perceptron, the variational circuit, and the Grover algorithm have been proposed as promising components for quantum machine learning. This paper presents a new quantum perceptron that combines the quantum variational circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-16 Nouhaila Innan , Mohamed Bennai

Powerful hardware services and software libraries are vital tools for quickly and affordably designing, testing, and executing quantum algorithms. A robust large-scale study of how the performance of these platforms scales with the number…

We study the performance and resource usage of the variational quantum factoring (VQF) algorithm for different instance sizes and optimization algorithms. Our simulations show better chance of finding the ground state when using VQE rather…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-16 Vivian Phan , Arttu Pönni , Matti Raasakka , Ilkka Tittonen

As the field of quantum computing grows, novel algorithms which take advantage of quantum phenomena need to be developed. As we are currently in the NISQ (noisy intermediate scale quantum) era, quantum algorithm researchers cannot reliably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Youssef Moawad , Andrew Brown , René Steijl , Wim Vanderbauwhede

(Abridged.) Quantum computers promise to solve some problems exponentially faster than traditional computers, but we still do not fully understand why this is the case. While the most studied model of quantum computation uses qubits, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-29 Cameron Calcluth

We present an empirical analysis of the scaling of the minimal quantum circuit depth required for a variational quantum simulation (VQS) method to obtain a solution to the time evolution of a quantum system within a predefined error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Mario Ponce , Thomas Cope , Inés de Vega , Martin Leib

Scaling quantum computers, i.e., quantum processing units (QPUs) to enable the execution of large quantum circuits is a major challenge, especially for applications that should provide a quantum advantage over classical algorithms. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Leo Sünkel , Jonas Stein , Jonas Nüßlein , Tobias Rohe , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

The state vector-based simulation offers a convenient approach to developing and validating quantum algorithms with noise-free results. However, limited by the absence of cache-aware implementations and unpolished circuit optimizations, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Chuan-Chi Wang , Yu-Cheng Lin , Yan-Jie Wang , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

The simplest technique for simulating a quantum algorithm - QA described based on the direct matrix representation of the quantum operators. Using this approach, it is relatively simple to simulate the operation of a QA and to perform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-20 Sergey V. Ulyanov , Viktor S. Ulyanov

Evaluating quantum algorithms at utility-scale - involving more than 100 qubits - is a key step toward advancing real-world applications of quantum computing. In this study, we benchmark seven state-of-the-art quantum emulators employing…

Near term quantum computers with a high quantity (around 50) and quality (around 0.995 fidelity for two-qubit gates) of qubits will approximately sample from certain probability distributions beyond the capabilities of known classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-23 Sergio Boixo , Sergei V. Isakov , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven

Quantum simulation algorithms often require numerous ancilla qubits and deep circuits, prohibitive for near-term hardware. We introduce a framework for simulating quantum channels using ensembles of low-depth circuits in place of many-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-01 Joseph Peetz , Scott E. Smart , Prineha Narang

A quantum algorithm is a set of instructions for a quantum computer, however, unlike algorithms in classical computer science their results cannot be guaranteed. Quantum search algorithm can be described as the rotation of state vectors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-30 Bikramaditya Das , Kamal Gurnani , Bikash K. Behera , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Quantum algorithm, as compared to classical algorithm, plays a notable role in solving linear systems of equations with an exponential speedup. Here, we demonstrate a method for solving a particular system of equations by using the concept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-20 Rituparna Maji , Bikash K. Behera , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

The rapid progress of computer science has been accompanied by a corresponding evolution of computation, from classical computation to quantum computation. As quantum computing is on its way to becoming an established discipline of…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-03-10 D. K. Ningtyas , A. B. Mutiara

Implementing time-evolution operators in shallow quantum circuits is important for quantum simulations. The standard method of Trotterization requires a large number of gates to achieve practical accuracy. Variational Quantum Simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Satoru Shoji , Kosuke Ito , Yukihiro Shimizu , Keisuke Fujii