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Recent advances in voice synthesis, coupled with the ease with which speech can be harvested for millions of people, introduce new threats to applications that are enabled by devices such as voice assistants (e.g., Amazon Alexa, Google Home…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Zhengxian He , Ashish Kundu , Mustaque Ahamad

Reusable skills are becoming a common interface for extending large language model agents, packaging procedural guidance with access to files, tools, memory, and execution environments. However, this modularity introduces attack surfaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chang Jin , An Wang , Zeming Wei , Kai Wang , Biaojie Zeng , Qiaosheng Zhang , Chao Yang , Jingjing Qu , Xia Hu , Xingcheng Xu

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that manage financial transactions on blockchain networks. Developers commonly rely on third-party code libraries to improve both efficiency and security. However, improper use of these libraries…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yishun Wang , Wenkai Li , Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Lei Xie , Yuqing Zhang

The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yi Liu , Weizhe Wang , Ruitao Feng , Yao Zhang , Guangquan Xu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Zhang

Agent Skills have become a practical way to extend LLM agents by packaging metadata, natural-language instructions, and executable resources into reusable capability bundles. However, this growing Skill ecosystem introduces a new compliance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jiangrong Wu , Yuhong Nan , Yixi Lin , Huaijin Wang , Yuming Xiao , Shuai Wang , Zibin Zheng

The flourishing ecosystem centered around voice personal assistants (VPA), such as Amazon Alexa, has led to the booming of VPA apps. The largest app market Amazon skills store, for example, hosts over 200,000 apps. Despite their popularity,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Suwan Li , Lei Bu , Guangdong Bai , Fuman Xie , Kai Chen , Chang Yue

Since being launched in 2014, Alexa, Amazon's versatile cloud-based voice service, is now active in over 100 million households worldwide. Alexa's user-friendly, personalized vocal experience offers customers a more natural way of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Yanyan Li , Sara Kim , Eric Sy

Long-horizon LLM agents leave traces that could become reusable experience, but raw trajectories are noisy and hard to govern. We treat Agent Skills as an experience schema that couples executable scripts, with non-executable guidance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongyi Liu , Haoyan Yang , Tao Jiang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Mobile application developers are required to disclose how they collect, use, and share user data in compliance with privacy regulations. To support transparency, major app marketplaces have introduced standardized disclosure mechanisms. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Luca Ferrari , Billel Habbati , Meriem Guerar , Mariano Ceccato , Luca Verderame

Data science libraries, such as scikit-learn and pandas, specialize in processing and manipulating data. The data-centric nature of these libraries makes the detection of API misuse in them more challenging. This paper introduces DSCHECKER,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Akalanka Galappaththi , Francisco Ribeiro , Sarah Nadi

With the rapid evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agent ecosystems, centralized skill marketplaces have emerged as pivotal infrastructure for augmenting agent capabilities. However, these marketplaces face unprecedented security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zihan Guo , Zhiyu Chen , Xiaohang Nie , Jianghao Lin , Yuanjian Zhou , Weinan Zhang

Agent tools are becoming a core interface through which LLM agents access external data, services, and execution environments. As these tools are distributed through public marketplaces, raw tool counts may substantially overstate ecosystem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Taein Kim , David Jiang , Yuepeng Hu , Yuqi Jia , Neil Gong

The race to train language models on vast, diverse, and inconsistently documented datasets has raised pressing concerns about the legal and ethical risks for practitioners. To remedy these practices threatening data transparency and…

Developers use Question and Answer (Q&A) websites to exchange knowledge and expertise. Stack Overflow is a popular Q&A website where developers discuss coding problems and share code examples. Although all Stack Overflow posts are free to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Le An , Ons Mlouki , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

Skill ecosystems have emerged as an increasingly important layer in Large Language Model (LLM) agent systems, enabling reusable task packaging, public distribution, and community-driven capability sharing. However, despite their rapid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haichuan Hu , Ye Shang , Quanjun Zhang

To survive and thrive in complex environments, humans have evolved sophisticated self-improvement mechanisms through environment exploration, hierarchical abstraction of experiences into reuseable skills, and collaborative construction of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Boyuan Zheng , Michael Y. Fatemi , Xiaolong Jin , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Apurva Gandhi , Yueqi Song , Yu Gu , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , Graham Neubig , Yu Su

Python libraries are widely used for machine learning and scientific computing tasks today. APIs in Python libraries are deprecated due to feature enhancements and bug fixes in the same way as in other languages. These deprecated APIs are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Aparna Vadlamani , Rishitha Kalicheti , Sridhar Chimalakonda

Hidden license conflicts in the open-source AI ecosystem pose serious legal and ethical risks, exposing organizations to potential litigation and users to undisclosed risk. However, the field lacks a data-driven understanding of how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 James Jewitt , Hao Li , Bram Adams , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Ahmed E. Hassan

Third-party skills extend LLM agents with powerful capabilities but often handle sensitive credentials in privileged environments, making leakage risks poorly understood. We present the first large-scale empirical study of this problem,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhihao Chen , Ying Zhang , Yi Liu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Yanjun Zhang , Jianting Ning , Leo Yu Zhang , Lei Ma , Zhiqiang Li

User-configured chatbots built on top of large language models are increasingly available through centralized marketplaces such as OpenAI's GPT Store. While these platforms enforce usage policies intended to prevent harmful or inappropriate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 David Rodriguez , William Seymour , Jose M. Del Alamo , Jose Such