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Code-switching, the interleaving of two or more languages within a sentence or discourse is pervasive in multilingual societies. Accurate language models for code-switched text are critical for NLP tasks. State-of-the-art data-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Bidisha Samanta , Sharmila Reddy , Hussain Jagirdar , Niloy Ganguly , Soumen Chakrabarti

This study reports an unintuitive finding that positional encoding enhances learning of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Positional encoding is a high-dimensional representation of time indices on input data. Most famously, positional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Takashi Morita

Chemical language models (CLMs) are increasingly used for molecular design and property prediction. Because these models learn from textual encodings of molecules, differences in how such encodings are generated may affect their behavior.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-13 Yosuke Kikuchi , Yasuhiro Yoshikai , Shumpei Nemoto , Ayako Furuhama , Takashi Yamada , Hiroyuki Kusuhara , Tadahaya Mizuno

Multilingual language models (MLMs) store factual knowledge across languages but often struggle to provide consistent responses to semantically equivalent prompts in different languages. While previous studies point out this cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mingyang Wang , Heike Adel , Lukas Lange , Yihong Liu , Ercong Nie , Jannik Strötgen , Hinrich Schütze

State-of-the-art multilingual machine translation relies on a universal encoder-decoder, which requires retraining the entire system to add new languages. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach that is based on language-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Carlos Escolano , Marta R. Costa-jussà , José A. R. Fonollosa , Mikel Artetxe

We improve automatic correction of grammatical, orthographic, and collocation errors in text using a multilayer convolutional encoder-decoder neural network. The network is initialized with embeddings that make use of character N-gram…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-29 Shamil Chollampatt , Hwee Tou Ng

Code-switching is a pervasive phenomenon in multilingual communication, yet the robustness of large language models (LLMs) in mixed-language settings remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of…

Pretrained transformer-based Language Models (LMs) are well-known for their ability to achieve significant improvement on NLP tasks, but their black-box nature, which leads to a lack of interpretability, has been a major concern. My…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ximing Wen

Neural machine translation (NMT) systems require large amounts of high quality in-domain parallel corpora for training. State-of-the-art NMT systems still face challenges related to out-of-vocabulary words and dealing with low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Jetic Gū , Hassan S. Shavarani , Anoop Sarkar

The prevalent approach to neural machine translation relies on bi-directional LSTMs to encode the source sentence. In this paper we present a faster and simpler architecture based on a succession of convolutional layers. This allows to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-26 Jonas Gehring , Michael Auli , David Grangier , Yann N. Dauphin

Natural language processing (NLP) techniques have become mainstream in the recent decade. Most of these advances are attributed to the processing of a single language. More recently, with the extensive growth of social media platforms focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Ramchandra Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

We give a novel logical characterization of encoder-decoder transformers, the foundational architecture for LLMs that also sees use in various settings that benefit from cross-attention. We study such transformers over text in the practical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Veeti Ahvonen , Damian Heiman , Antti Kuusisto , Miguel Moreno , Matias Selin

Semantic representation learning for sentences is an important and well-studied problem in NLP. The current trend for this task involves training a Transformer-based sentence encoder through a contrastive objective with text, i.e.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Yiren Jian , Chongyang Gao , Soroush Vosoughi

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

Code-mixing, the blending of linguistic elements from distinct languages to form meaningful sentences, is common in multilingual settings, yielding hybrid languages like Hinglish and Minglish. Marathi, India's third most spoken language,…

Positional encodings enable Transformers to incorporate sequential information, yet their theoretical understanding remains limited to two properties: distance attenuation and translation invariance. Because natural language lacks purely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Zihan Gu , Ruoyu Chen , Han Zhang , Hua Zhang , Yue Hu

Contemporary deep learning models effectively handle languages with diverse morphology despite not being directly integrated into them. Morphology and word order are closely linked, with the latter incorporated into transformer-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Poulami Ghosh , Shikhar Vashishth , Raj Dabre , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Code-switching (CS) speech translation (ST) aims to translate speech that alternates between multiple languages into a target language text, posing significant challenges due to the complexity of semantic modeling and the scarcity of CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yan Gao , Yazheng Yang , Zhibin Lan , Yidong Chen , Min Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Derek F. Wong , Jinsong Su

Lack of text data has been the major issue on code-switching language modeling. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning based language model which shares syntax representation of languages to leverage linguistic information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

In document-level neural machine translation (DocNMT), multi-encoder approaches are common in encoding context and source sentences. Recent studies \cite{li-etal-2020-multi-encoder} have shown that the context encoder generates noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Ramakrishna Appicharla , Baban Gain , Santanu Pal , Asif Ekbal , Pushpak Bhattacharyya