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Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) offers valuable insights into scattering mediums, but the quest for high-resolution imaging often requires dense sampling strategies, leading to higher imaging errors and lengthy acquisition times. This work…

Optics · Physics 2025-04-07 Ben Wiesel , Shlomi Arnon

The rigid-intensity-shift model of differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC-STEM) imaging assumes that the phase gradient imposed on the probe by the sample causes the diffraction pattern intensity to shift…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-04-25 L. Clark , H. G. Brown , D. M. Paganin , M. J. Morgan , T. Matsumoto , N. Shibata , T. C. Petersen , S. D. Findlay

Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM) provide sub-angstrom lateral resolution; however, the large convergence angle greatly reduces the depth of field. For microscopes with a small depth of field,…

Materials Science · Physics 2011-12-15 Robert Hovden , Huolin L. Xin , David A. Muller

A new method for dark field imaging is introduced which uses scanned electron diffraction (or 4DSTEM - 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy) datasets as its input. Instead of working on simple summation of intensity, it…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-18 Ian MacLaren , Andrew T. Fraser , Matthew R. Lipsett , Colin Ophus

Accurate computational ptychographic phase reconstructions are enabled by fast direct-electron cameras with high dynamic ranges used for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). The availability of open software…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-05-01 Toma Susi

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) offers high-resolution images that are used to quantify the nanoscale atomic structure and composition of materials and biological specimens. In many cases, however, the resolution is limited…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-23 Daniel Nicholls , Alex Robinson , Jack Wells , Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Mounib Bahri , Angus Kirkland , Nigel Browning

We demonstrate the use of a phase retrieval technique for propagation-based phase contrast neutron imaging with a polychromatic beam. This enables imaging samples with low absorption contrast and/or improving the signal-to-noise ratio to…

In Part I of this diptych, we outline the parallel mode of differential phase contrast (TEM-DPC), which uses real-space distortion of Fresnel images arising from electrostatic or magnetostatic fields to quantify the phase gradient of…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-09-22 G. W. Paterson , G. M. Macauley , S. McVitie , Y. Togawa

This paper discusses the reconstruction of partially sampled spectrum-images to accelerate the acquisition in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The problem of image reconstruction has been widely considered in the literature…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-05 Etienne Monier , Thomas Oberlin , Nathalie Brun , Xiaoyan Li , Marcel Tencé , Nicolas Dobigeon

Differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) maps projected electric fields through the phase sensitivity of segmented low-angle detectors. Although typically applied to atomic-resolution…

Recovering the transmission matrix of a disordered medium is a challenging problem in disordered photonics. Usually, its reconstruction relies on a complex inversion that aims at connecting a fully-controlled input to the deterministic…

The transmission electron microscope facilitates the highest-resolution imaging of any instrument ever created, and its limiting factor is no longer spatial resolution but dose efficiency. Low electron doses avoid sample damage but produce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Georgia Channing , Debora Keller , Marta D. Rossell , Philip Torr , Stig Helveg , Henrik Eliasson

In this study we explore the possibility to use deep learning for the reconstruction of phase images from 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) data. The process can be divided into two main steps. First, the complex…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-02-15 Thomas Friedrich , Chu-Ping Yu , Jo Verbeeck , Sandra Van Aert

Momentum-resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (MRSTEM) is a powerful phase-contrast technique that can map lateral magnetic and electric fields ranging from the micrometer to the subatomic scale. Resolving fields ranging from…

Phase contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for imaging the local atomic structure of materials. TEM has been used heavily in studies of defect structures of 2D materials such as monolayer graphene due to its…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-09-01 Robbie Sadre , Colin Ophus , Anstasiia Butko , Gunther H Weber

Magnetic materials phase reconstruction from Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) measurements has traditionally been achieved using longstanding methods such as off-axis holography (OAH) and the transport-of-intensity equation…

Automated experiments in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) require rapid image segmentation to optimize data representation for human interpretation, decision-making, site-selective spectroscopies, and atomic manipulation.…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-23 Kamyar Barakati , Utkarsh Pratiush , Austin C. Houston , Gerd Duscher , Sergei V. Kalinin

The use of differential phase contrast (DPC) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has shown much promise for directly investigating the functional properties of a material system, leveraging the natural coupling between the…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-12-04 Rafael V. Ferreira , Sebastian Calderon V. , Paulo J. Ferreira

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is an extremely versatile method for studying materials on the atomic scale. Many STEM experiments are supported or validated with electron scattering simulations. However, using the…

A phase retrieval technique using a spatial light modulator (SLM) and a phase diffuser for a fast reconstruction of smooth wave fronts is demonstrated experimentally. Diffuse illumination of a smooth test object with the aid of a phase…

Optics · Physics 2015-06-11 Mostafa Agour , Percival F. Almoro , Claas Falldorf