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Variance reduction is a family of powerful mechanisms for stochastic optimization that appears to be helpful in many machine learning tasks. It is based on estimating the exact gradient with some recursive sequences. Previously, many papers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Aleksandr Shestakov , Valery Parfenov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

This paper considers the analysis of continuous time gradient-based optimization algorithms through the lens of nonlinear contraction theory. It demonstrates that in the case of a time-invariant objective, most elementary results on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-23 Patrick M. Wensing , Jean-Jacques E. Slotine

Gradient dynamics play a central role in determining the stability and generalization of deep neural networks. In this work, we provide an empirical analysis of how variance and standard deviation of gradients evolve during training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Vincent-Daniel Yun

The success of deep neural networks hinges on our ability to accurately and efficiently optimize high-dimensional, non-convex functions. In this paper, we empirically investigate the loss functions of state-of-the-art networks, and how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Daniel Jiwoong Im , Michael Tao , Kristin Branson

Bilevel optimization problems are receiving increasing attention in machine learning as they provide a natural framework for hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. A key step to tackle these problems is the efficient computation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

Iterative optimization is central to modern artificial intelligence (AI) and provides a crucial framework for understanding adaptive systems. This review provides a unified perspective on this subject, bridging classic theory with neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jesús García Fernández , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven

Bilevel optimization is a central tool in machine learning for high-dimensional hyperparameter tuning. Its applications are vast; for instance, in imaging it can be used for learning data-adaptive regularizers and optimizing forward…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Mohammad Sadegh Salehi , Subhadip Mukherjee , Lindon Roberts , Matthias J. Ehrhardt

In a variety of problems originating in supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, the loss function is defined by an expectation over a collection of random variables, which might be part of a probabilistic model or the external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-06 John Schulman , Nicolas Heess , Theophane Weber , Pieter Abbeel

Optimizing machine learning algorithms that are used to solve the objective function has been of great interest. Several approaches to optimize common algorithms, such as gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent, were explored. One…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Hilal AlQuabeh , Farha AlBreiki , Dilshod Azizov

The field of artificial neural network (ANN) training has garnered significant attention in recent years, with researchers exploring various mathematical techniques for optimizing the training process. In particular, this paper focuses on…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-23 Arzu Ahmadova

We study a fixed step-size noisy distributed gradient descent algorithm for solving optimization problems in which the objective is a finite sum of smooth but possibly non-convex functions. Random perturbations are introduced to the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-21 Lei Qin , Michael Cantoni , Ye Pu

Distributed and federated learning algorithms and techniques associated primarily with minimization problems. However, with the increase of minimax optimization and variational inequality problems in machine learning, the necessity of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-04 Siqi Zhang , Sayantan Choudhury , Sebastian U Stich , Nicolas Loizou

The remarkable practical success of deep learning has revealed some major surprises from a theoretical perspective. In particular, simple gradient methods easily find near-optimal solutions to non-convex optimization problems, and despite…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Peter L. Bartlett , Andrea Montanari , Alexander Rakhlin

Recent analyses of certain gradient descent optimization methods have shown that performance can degrade in some settings - such as with stochasticity or implicit momentum. In deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL), such optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-08 Peter Henderson , Joshua Romoff , Joelle Pineau

Motivated by concerns that machine learning algorithms may introduce significant bias in classification models, developing fair classifiers has become an important problem in machine learning research. One important paradigm towards this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 L. Elisa Celis , Vijay Keswani

The paper considers the problem of network-based computation of global minima in smooth nonconvex optimization problems. It is known that distributed gradient-descent-type algorithms can achieve convergence to the set of global minima by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-24 Brian Swenson , Anirudh Sridhar , H. Vincent Poor

Focusing on the practical configuration needs of optimization algorithms in deep learning, this article concentrates on five major algorithms: SGD, Mini-batch SGD, Momentum, Adam, and Lion. It systematically analyzes the core advantages,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Deng Fucheng , Wang Wanjie , Gong Ao , Wang Xiaoqi , Wang Fan

While deep learning has resulted in major breakthroughs in many application domains, the frameworks commonly used in deep learning remain fragile to artificially-crafted and imperceptible changes in the data. In response to this fragility,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Alexander Robey , Hamed Hassani , George J. Pappas

In this chapter, we utilize dynamical systems to analyze several aspects of machine learning algorithms. As an expository contribution we demonstrate how to re-formulate a wide variety of challenges from deep neural networks, (stochastic)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Dennis Chemnitz , Maximilian Engel , Christian Kuehn , Sara-Viola Kuntz

Domain Generalization (DG) research has gained considerable traction as of late, since the ability to generalize to unseen data distributions is a requirement that eludes even state-of-the-art training algorithms. In this paper we observe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Aristotelis Ballas , Christos Diou