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AI agents that interact with the real world through tool calls pose fundamental safety challenges: agents might leak private information, cause unintended side effects, or be manipulated through prompt injection. To address these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Martin Odersky , Yaoyu Zhao , Yichen Xu , Oliver Bračevac , Cao Nguyen Pham

Automated assessment of open-ended student responses is a critical capability for scaling personalized feedback in education. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in grading tasks via in-context learning (ICL), their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Kevin Haudek , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

A long-standing shortcoming of statically typed functional languages is that type checking does not rule out pattern-matching failures (run-time match exceptions). Refinement types distinguish different values of datatypes; if a program…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Khurram A. Jafery , Jana Dunfield

Recent developments in cloud storage architectures have originated new models of online storage as cooperative storage systems and interconnected clouds. Such distributed environments involve many organizations, thus ensuring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Marco Baldi , Alessandro Cucchiarelli , Linda Senigagliesi , Luca Spalazzi , Francesco Spegni

Opacity is a confidentiality property that holds when certain secret strings of a given system cannot be revealed to an outside observer under any system activity. Opacity violations stimulate the study of opacity enforcement strategies.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Xiaoyan Li , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis , Zhiwu Li

Non-interference is a semantic program property that assigns confidentiality levels to data objects and prevents illicit information flows from occurring from high to low security levels. In this paper, we present a novel security model for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-06-23 Mauricio Alba-Castro , María Alpuente , Santiago Escobar

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has transformed network architectures by decoupling the control and data-planes, enabling fine-grained control over packet processing and forwarding. P4, a language designed for programming data-plane…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Anoud Alshnakat , Amir M. Ahmadian , Musard Balliu , Roberto Guanciale , Mads Dam

Runtime verification is checking whether a system execution satisfies or violates a given correctness property. A procedure that automatically, and typically on the fly, verifies conformance of the system's behavior to the specified…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-03-06 Mikhail Chupilko , Alexander Kamkin

In this paper we focus on TinySol, a minimal calculus for Solidity smart contracts, introduced by Bartoletti et al. We start by rephrasing its syntax (to emphasise its object-oriented flavour) and give a new big-step operational semantics.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Luca Aceto , Daniele Gorla , Stian Lybech

This paper investigates an important informationflow security property called opacity in partially-observed discrete-event systems. We consider the presence of a passive intruder (eavesdropper) that knows the dynamic model of the system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-28 Shuo Yang , Xiang Yin

Gradient inversion attacks are an ubiquitous threat in federated learning as they exploit gradient leakage to reconstruct supposedly private training data. Recent work has proposed to prevent gradient leakage without loss of model utility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Daniel Scheliga , Patrick Mäder , Marco Seeland

As large language models (LLMs) become more powerful and are deployed more autonomously, it will be increasingly important to prevent them from causing harmful outcomes. Researchers have investigated a variety of safety techniques for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Ryan Greenblatt , Buck Shlegeris , Kshitij Sachan , Fabien Roger

The disastrous vulnerabilities in smart contracts sharply remind us of our ignorance: we do not know how to write code that is secure in composition with malicious code. Information flow control has long been proposed as a way to achieve…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Ethan Cecchetti , Siqiu Yao , Haobin Ni , Andrew C. Myers

Privacy protection has become an increasingly pressing requirement in distributed optimization. However, equipping distributed optimization with differential privacy, the state-of-the-art privacy protection mechanism, will unavoidably…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-28 Yu Xuan , Yongqiang Wang

We consider the problem of specifying and proving the security of non-trivial, concurrent programs that intentionally leak information. We present a method that decomposes the problem into (a) proving that the program only leaks information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Toby Murray , Mukesh Tiwari , Gidon Ernst , David A. Naumann

Accountability is widely understood as a goal for well governed computer systems, and is a sought-after value in many governance contexts. But how can it be achieved? Recent work on standards for governable artificial intelligence systems…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Joshua A. Kroll

For well over a quarter century, detection systems have been driven by models learned from input features collected from real or simulated environments. An artifact (e.g., network event, potential malware sample, suspicious email) is deemed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Z. Berkay Celik , Patrick McDaniel , Rauf Izmailov , Nicolas Papernot , Ryan Sheatsley , Raquel Alvarez , Ananthram Swami

With the popularity of cloud computing and machine learning, it has been a trend to outsource machine learning processes (including model training and model-based inference) to cloud. By the outsourcing, other than utilizing the extensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Pinglan Liu , Wensheng Zhang

The AI Control research agenda aims to develop control protocols: safety techniques that prevent untrusted AI systems from taking harmful actions during deployment. Because human oversight is expensive, one approach is trusted monitoring,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Ashwin Sreevatsa , Sebastian Prasanna , Cody Rushing

Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) is an important enabling technology for data privacy in modern distributed applications. Currently, proof methods for low-level MPC protocols are primarily manual and thus tedious and error-prone, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Christian Skalka , Joseph P. Near