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The growing prevalence of data-intensive workloads, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), high-performance computing (HPC), in-memory databases, and real-time analytics, has exposed limitations in conventional memory…

The substantial memory requirements of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly for long-context fine-tuning, have renewed interest in CPU offloading to augment limited GPU memory. However, as context lengths grow, relying on CPU memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yong-Cheng Liaw , Shuo-Han Chen

Integrating compute express link (CXL) with SSDs allows scalable access to large memory but has slower speeds than DRAMs. We present ExPAND, an expander-driven CXL prefetcher that offloads last-level cache (LLC) prefetching from host CPU to…

This paper proposes TRAININGCXL that can efficiently process large-scale recommendation datasets in the pool of disaggregated memory while making training fault tolerant with low overhead. To this end, i) we integrate persistent memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Miryeong Kwon , Junhyeok Jang , Hanjin Choi , Sangwon Lee , Myoungsoo Jung

Engram conditional memory has emerged as a promising component for LLMs by decoupling static knowledge lookup from dynamic computation. Since Engram exhibits sparse access patterns and supports prefetching, its massive embedding tables are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Ruiyang Ma , Teng Ma , Zhiyuan Su , Hantian Zha , Xinpeng Zhao , Xuchun Shang , Xingrui Yi , Zheng Liu , Zhu Cao , An Wu , Zhichong Dou , Ziqian Liu , Daikang Kuang , Guojie Luo

Compute Express Link (CXL) is a promising technology that addresses memory and storage challenges. Despite its advantages, CXL faces performance threats from external interference when co-existing with current memory and storage systems.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Shunyu Mao , Jiajun Luo , Yixin Li , Jiapeng Zhou , Weidong Zhang , Zheng Liu , Teng Ma , Shuwen Deng

Compute Express Link (CXL) serves as a rising industry standard, delivering high-speed cache-coherent links to a variety of devices, including host CPUs, computational accelerators, and memory devices. It is designed to promote system…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yuda An , Shushu Yi , Bo Mao , Qiao Li , Mingzhe Zhang , Ke Zhou , Nong Xiao , Guangyu Sun , Xiaolin Wang , Yingwei Luo , Jie Zhang

Memory disaggregation is an emerging technology that decouples memory from traditional memory buses, enabling independent scaling of compute and memory. Compute Express Link (CXL), an open-standard interconnect technology, facilitates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yujie Yang , Lingfeng Xiang , Peiran Du , Zhen Lin , Weishu Deng , Ren Wang , Andrey Kudryavtsev , Louis Ko , Hui Lu , Jia Rao

The trend in industry is towards heterogeneous multicore processors (HMCs), including chips with CPUs and massively-threaded throughput-oriented processors (MTTOPs) such as GPUs. Although current homogeneous chips tightly couple the cores…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2013-10-30 Blake A. Hechtman , Daniel J. Sorin

Recent Serverless workloads tend to be largescaled/CPU-memory intensive, such as DL, graph applications, that require dynamic memory-to-compute resources provisioning. Meanwhile, recent solutions seek to design page management strategies…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yuze Li , Shunyu Yao

In GPU graph analytics, the use of external memory such as the host DRAM and solid-state drives is a cost-effective approach to processing large graphs beyond the capacity of the GPU onboard memory. This paper studies the use of Compute…

Pooling PCIe devices across multiple hosts offers a promising solution to mitigate stranded I/O resources, enhance device utilization, address device failures, and reduce total cost of ownership. The only viable option today are PCIe…

Increasing workload demands and emerging technologies necessitate the use of various memory and storage tiers in computing systems. This paper presents results from a CXL-based Experimental Memory Request Logger that reveals precise memory…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Vinicius Petrucci , Felippe Zacarias , David Roberts

Processing-in-memory (PIM) reduces data movement by executing near memory, but our large-scale characterization on real PIM hardware shows that end-to-end performance is often limited by disjoint host and device address spaces that force…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-20 I-Ting Lee , Bao-Kai Wang , Liang-Chi Chen , Wen Sheng Lim , Da-Wei Chang , Yu-Ming Chang , Chieng-Chung Ho

Compute Express Link (CXL) emerges as a solution for wide gap between computational speed and data communication rates among host and multiple devices. It fosters a unified and coherent memory space between host and CXL storage devices such…

The advent of Compute Express Link (CXL) enables SSDs to participate in the memory hierarchy as large-capacity, byte-addressable memory devices. These CXL-enabled SSDs (CXL-SSDs) offer a promising new tier between DRAM and traditional…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Hyunsun Chung , Junhyeok Park , Taewan Noh , Seonghoon Ahn , Kihwan Kim , Ming Zhao , Youngjae Kim

This paper proposes ScalePool, a novel cluster architecture designed to interconnect numerous accelerators using unified hardware interconnects rather than traditional long-distance networking. ScalePool integrates Accelerator-Centric Links…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Hyein Woo , Miryeong Kwon , Jiseon Kim , Eunjee Na , Hanjin Choi , Seonghyeon Jang , Myoungsoo Jung

Memory dominates datacenter system cost and power. Memory expansion via Compute Express Link (CXL) is an effective way to provide additional memory at lower cost and power, but its effective use requires software-level tiering for…

Offloading compute-intensive kernels to hardware accelerators relies on the large degree of parallelism offered by these platforms. However, the effective bandwidth of the memory interface often causes a bottleneck, hindering the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Corentin Ferry , Tomofumi Yuki , Steven Derrien , Sanjay Rajopadhye

The \emph{Partial Cache-Coherence (PCC)} model maintains hardware cache coherence only within subsets of cores, enabling large-scale memory sharing with emerging memory interconnect technologies like Compute Express Link (CXL). However,…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Fangnuo Wu , Mingkai Dong , Wenjun Cai , Jingsheng Yan , Haibo Chen