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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are the third generation of neural networks and can explore both rate and temporal coding for energy-efficient event-driven computation. However, the decision accuracy of existing SNN designs is contingent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Changqing Xu , Wenrui Zhang , Yu Liu , Peng Li

One of the most exciting advancements in AI over the last decade is the wide adoption of ANNs, such as DNN and CNN, in many real-world applications. However, the underlying massive amounts of computation and storage requirement greatly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Tao Liu , Lei Jiang , Yier Jin , Gang Quan , Wujie Wen

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been recently brought to light due to their promising capabilities. SNNs simulate the brain with higher biological plausibility compared to previous generations of neural networks. Learning with fewer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Shahriar Rezghi Shirsavar , Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are bio-inspired models of neural computation that have proven highly effective. Still, ANNs lack a natural notion of time, and neural units in ANNs exchange analog values in a frame-based manner, a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Davide Zambrano , Roeland Nusselder , H. Steven Scholte , Sander Bohte

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), recognized as the third generation of neural networks, are known for their bio-plausibility and energy efficiency, especially when implemented on neuromorphic hardware. However, the majority of existing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yi Jiang , Sen Lu , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient solution by utilizing the spike-based and sparse nature of biological systems. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on long…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yan Zhong , Ruoyu Zhao , Chao Wang , Qinghai Guo , Jianguo Zhang , Zhichao Lu , Luziwei Leng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are one of the most promising bio-inspired neural networks models and have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The event-driven communication mechanism of SNNs allows for sparse and theoretically…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Andrea Castagnetti , Alain Pegatoquet , Benoît Miramond

With the development of hardware-optimized deployment of spiking neural networks (SNNs), SNN processors based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have become a research hotspot due to their efficiency and flexibility. However,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hou Yue , Xiang Shuiying , Zou Tao , Huang Zhiquan , Shi Shangxuan , Guo Xingxing , Zhang Yahui , Zheng Ling , Hao Yue

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute in an event-based matter to achieve a more efficient computation than standard Neural Networks. In SNNs, neuronal outputs (i.e. activations) are not encoded with real-valued activations but with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jan Sommer , M. Akif Özkan , Oliver Keszocze , Jürgen Teich

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), providing more realistic neuronal dynamics, have been shown to achieve performance comparable to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in several machine learning tasks. Information is processed as spikes within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jiaqi Lin , Sen Lu , Malyaban Bal , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), that operate via binary spikes distributed over time, have emerged as a promising energy efficient ML paradigm for resource-constrained devices. However, the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) SNNs require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Gourav Datta , Peter A. Beerel

As deep learning models scale, they become increasingly competitive from domains spanning from computer vision to natural language processing; however, this happens at the expense of efficiency since they require increasingly more memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Fabrizio Ottati , Chang Gao , Qinyu Chen , Giovanni Brignone , Mario R. Casu , Jason K. Eshraghian , Luciano Lavagno

Intracortical brain-machine interfaces demand low-latency, energy-efficient solutions for neural decoding. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) deployed on neuromorphic hardware have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in neural decoding by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Francesca Rivelli , Martin Popov , Charalampos S. Kouzinopoulos , Guangzhi Tang

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired and energy-efficient network, is currently facing the pivotal challenge of exploring a suitable and efficient learning framework. The predominant training methodologies, namely…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zecheng Hao , Qichao Ma , Kang Chen , Yi Zhang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for deep learning applications, particularly in resource-constrained systems. This is largely due to their inherent sparsity, influenced by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Ilkin Aliyev. Kama Svoboda , Tosiron Adegbija

The increasing complexity and energy demands of deep learning models have highlighted the limitations of traditional computing architectures, especially for edge devices with constrained resources. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Wei-Ting Chen

The surge in interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) over the past decade has been driven almost exclusively by advances in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). While ANNs set state-of-the-art performance for many previously intractable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Peter G. Stratton , Andrew Wabnitz , Chip Essam , Allen Cheung , Tara J. Hamilton

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), offering biological plausibility and energy efficiency. Despite these merits, SNNs are frequently hampered by limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yi Xiao , Qiangqiang Yuan , Kui Jiang , Wenke Huang , Qiang Zhang , Tingting Zheng , Chia-Wen Lin , Liangpei Zhang