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Multimodal emotion recognition (MER) aims to detect the emotional status of a given expression by combining the speech and text information. Intuitively, label information should be capable of helping the model locate the salient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Peiying Wang , Sunlu Zeng , Junqing Chen , Lu Fan , Meng Chen , Youzheng Wu , Xiaodong He

Emotion labels in emotion recognition corpora are highly noisy and ambiguous, due to the annotators' subjective perception of emotions. Such ambiguity may introduce errors in automatic classification and affect the overall performance. We…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-11 Takuya Fujioka , Dario Bertero , Takeshi Homma , Kenji Nagamatsu

Understanding emotions in natural language is inherently a multi-dimensional reasoning problem, where multiple affective signals interact through context, interpersonal relations, and situational cues. However, most existing emotion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hemanth Kotaprolu , Kishan Maharaj , Raey Zhao , Abhijit Mishra , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Over the past two decades, speech emotion recognition (SER) has received growing attention. To train SER systems, researchers collect emotional speech databases annotated by crowdsourced or in-house raters who select emotions from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Huang-Cheng Chou , Chi-Chun Lee

Multimodal emotion recognition study is hindered by the lack of labelled corpora in terms of scale and diversity, due to the high annotation cost and label ambiguity. In this paper, we propose a pre-training model \textbf{MEmoBERT} for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Jinming Zhao , Ruichen Li , Qin Jin , Xinchao Wang , Haizhou Li

Emotion recognition is a topic of significant interest in assistive robotics due to the need to equip robots with the ability to comprehend human behavior, facilitating their effective interaction in our society. Consequently, efficient and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Rutherford Agbeshi Patamia , Paulo E. Santos , Kingsley Nketia Acheampong , Favour Ekong , Kwabena Sarpong , She Kun

Detecting emotions expressed in text has become critical to a range of fields. In this work, we investigate ways to exploit label correlations in multi-label emotion recognition models to improve emotion detection. First, we develop two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Georgios Chochlakis , Gireesh Mahajan , Sabyasachee Baruah , Keith Burghardt , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

Speech emotion recognition (SER), particularly for naturally expressed emotions, remains a challenging computational task. Key challenges include the inherent subjectivity in emotion annotation and the imbalanced distribution of emotion…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Tiantian Feng , Thanathai Lertpetchpun , Dani Byrd , Shrikanth Narayanan

Emotion expression and perception are nuanced, complex, and highly subjective processes. When multiple annotators label emotional data, the resulting labels contain high variability. Most speech emotion recognition tasks address this by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 James Tavernor , Yara El-Tawil , Emily Mower Provost

Developing and integrating emotion-understanding models are essential for a wide range of human-computer interaction tasks, including customer feedback analysis, marketing research, and social media monitoring. Given that users often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Tadesse Destaw Belay , Dawit Ketema Gete , Abinew Ali Ayele , Olga Kolesnikova , Iqra Ameer , Grigori Sidorov , Seid Muhie Yimam

Emotion being a subjective thing, leveraging knowledge and science behind labeled data and extracting the components that constitute it, has been a challenging problem in the industry for many years. With the evolution of deep learning in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-07 Prudhvi Raj Dachapally

Explainable Multimodal Emotion Recognition (EMER) is an emerging task that aims to achieve reliable and accurate emotion recognition. However, due to the high annotation cost, the existing dataset (denoted as EMER-Fine) is small, making it…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Zheng Lian , Haiyang Sun , Licai Sun , Jiangyan Yi , Bin Liu , Jianhua Tao

Affective computing has proven to be a viable field of research comprised of a large number of multidisciplinary researchers resulting in work that is widely published. The majority of this work consists of computational models of emotion…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-03-05 Joost Broekens

The affective brain-computer interface is a crucial technology for affective interaction and emotional intelligence, emerging as a significant area of research in the human-computer interaction. Compared to single-type features, multi-type…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Xueyuan Xu , Wenjia Dong , Fulin Wei , Li Zhuo

This paper examines the integration of emotional intelligence into artificial intelligence systems, with a focus on affective computing and the growing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and Claude, to recognize…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Nicola Fabiano

Sentiment classification typically relies on a large amount of labeled data. In practice, the availability of labels is highly imbalanced among different languages, e.g., more English texts are labeled than texts in any other languages,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Zhenpeng Chen , Sheng Shen , Ziniu Hu , Xuan Lu , Qiaozhu Mei , Xuanzhe Liu

Key challenges in developing generalized automatic emotion recognition systems include scarcity of labeled data and lack of gold-standard references. Even for the cues that are labeled as the same emotion category, the variability of…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Haoqi Li , Yelin Kim , Cheng-Hao Kuo , Shrikanth Narayanan

Many mobile applications and virtual conversational agents now aim to recognize and adapt to emotions. To enable this, data are transmitted from users' devices and stored on central servers. Yet, these data contain sensitive information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Mimansa Jaiswal , Emily Mower Provost

Emotion recognition and understanding is a vital component in human-machine interaction. Dimensional models of affect such as those using valence and arousal have advantages over traditional categorical ones due to the complexity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Vassilios Vonikakis , Dexter Neo , Stefan Winkler

The subjective perception of emotion leads to inconsistent labels from human annotators. Typically, utterances lacking majority-agreed labels are excluded when training an emotion classifier, which cause problems when encountering ambiguous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Wen Wu , Bo Li , Chao Zhang , Chung-Cheng Chiu , Qiujia Li , Junwen Bai , Tara N. Sainath , Philip C. Woodland