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Reward modeling is a key step in building safe foundation models when applying reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to align Large Language Models (LLMs). However, reward modeling based on the Bradley-Terry (BT) model assumes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jingyan Shen , Jiarui Yao , Rui Yang , Yifan Sun , Feng Luo , Rui Pan , Tong Zhang , Han Zhao

Personalization is a critical task in modern intelligent systems, with applications spanning diverse domains, including interactions with large language models (LLMs). Recent advances in reasoning capabilities have significantly enhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Sichun Luo , Guanzhi Deng , Jian Xu , Xiaojie Zhang , Hanxu Hou , Linqi Song

Despite their sophisticated general-purpose capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail to align with diverse individual preferences because standard post-training methods, like Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF),…

Reward modeling has become a cornerstone of aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Yet, when extended to subjective and open-ended domains such as role play, existing reward models exhibit severe degradation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Hang Ding , Qiming Feng , Dongqi Liu , Qi Zhao , Tao Yao , Shuo Wang , Dongsheng Chen , Jian Li , Zhenye Gan , Jiangning Zhang , Chengjie Wang , Yabiao Wang

Reward models (RMs) play a crucial role in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback by serving as proxies for human preferences in aligning large language models. However, they suffer from various biases which could lead to reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiao Zhu , Chenmien Tan , Pinzhen Chen , Rico Sennrich , Huiming Wang , Yanlin Zhang , Hanxu Hu

Reward models (RMs) play a critical role in aligning language models through the process of reinforcement learning from human feedback. RMs are trained to predict a score reflecting human preference, which requires significant time and cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zihuiwen Ye , Fraser Greenlee-Scott , Max Bartolo , Phil Blunsom , Jon Ander Campos , Matthias Gallé

Preference optimization, particularly through Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), has achieved significant success in aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to adhere to human intentions. Unlike offline alignment with a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Shenao Zhang , Donghan Yu , Hiteshi Sharma , Han Zhong , Zhihan Liu , Ziyi Yang , Shuohang Wang , Hany Hassan , Zhaoran Wang

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a powerful technique to make large language models (LLMs) easier to use and more effective. A core piece of the RLHF process is the training and utilization of a model of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Nathan Lambert , Thomas Krendl Gilbert , Tom Zick

Reward learning enables the application of reinforcement learning (RL) to tasks where reward is defined by human judgment, building a model of reward by asking humans questions. Most work on reward learning has used simulated environments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Daniel M. Ziegler , Nisan Stiennon , Jeffrey Wu , Tom B. Brown , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano , Geoffrey Irving

Reward models are a key component of large language model alignment, serving as proxies for human preferences during training. However, existing evaluations focus primarily on broad instruction-following benchmarks, providing limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Gayane Ghazaryan , Esra Dönmez

A common approach to personalization in large language models (LLMs) is to incorporate a subset of the user memory into the prompt at inference time to guide the model's generation. Existing methods select these subsets primarily using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jillian Fisher , Jennifer Neville , Chan Young Park

Enhancing the conformity of large language models (LLMs) to human preferences remains an ongoing research challenge. Recently, offline approaches such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) have gained prominence as attractive options due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Kaihui Chen , Hao Yi , Qingyang Li , Tianyu Qi , Yulan Hu , Fuzheng Zhang , Yong Liu

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) often fail to align with human preferences, leading to issues like generating misleading content without proper visual context (also known as hallucination). A promising solution to this problem is using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Chenglong Wang , Yang Gan , Yifu Huo , Yongyu Mu , Murun Yang , Qiaozhi He , Tong Xiao , Chunliang Zhang , Tongran Liu , Quan Du , Di Yang , Jingbo Zhu

As language models (LMs) become more capable, it is increasingly important to align them with human preferences. However, the dominant paradigm for training Preference Models (PMs) for that purpose suffers from fundamental limitations, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Dongyoung Go , Tomasz Korbak , Germán Kruszewski , Jos Rozen , Marc Dymetman

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into users' daily lives, driving a growing demand for personalized outputs. Prior work has primarily leveraged a user's own history, often overlooking inter-user differences that are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Suyu Chen , Yimeng Bai , Yulong Huang , Xiaoyan Zhao , Yang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are designed to perform a wide range of tasks. To improve their ability to solve complex problems requiring multi-step reasoning, recent research leverages process reward modeling to provide fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Weixuan Wang , Minghao Wu , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Reward models play a critical role in guiding large language models toward outputs that align with human expectations. However, an open challenge remains in effectively utilizing test-time compute to enhance reward model performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiaxin Guo , Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Qingxiu Dong , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Furu Wei

Reward modeling represents a long-standing challenge in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) for aligning language models. Current reward modeling is heavily contingent upon experimental feedback data with high collection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hao Wang , Haocheng Yang , Licheng Pan , Lei Shen , Xiaoxi Li , Yinuo Wang , Zhichao Chen , Yuan Lu , Haoxuan Li , Zhouchen Lin

Inference-time alignment methods have gained significant attention for their efficiency and effectiveness in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, existing dominant approaches using reward-guided search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Bin Xie , Bingbing Xu , Yige Yuan , Shengmao Zhu , Huawei Shen

Personalizing Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a critical step in facilitating their widespread application to enhance individual life experiences. In pursuit of personalization, distilling key preference information from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yilun Qiu , Xiaoyan Zhao , Yang Zhang , Yimeng Bai , Wenjie Wang , Hong Cheng , Fuli Feng , Tat-Seng Chua
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