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The detection of quadratic quasi-normal modes would provide a direct probe into black hole nonlinear perturbations. We report the first observational evidence of a set of quadratic quasi-normal modes in the gravitational-wave ringdown of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-12 Yi-Fan Wang , Sizheng Ma , Neev Khera , Huan Yang

The spectroscopic study of black hole quasinormal modes in gravitational-wave ringdown observations is hindered by our ignorance of which modes should dominate astrophysical signals for different binary configurations, limiting tests of…

The ringdown signal following a black hole (BH) merger can be modeled as a superposition of BH quasinormal modes (QNMs), offering a clean setup for testing gravitational theories. In particular, detecting multiple QNMs enables consistency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-17 Soichiro Morisaki , Hayato Motohashi , Motoki Suzuki , Daiki Watarai

We formulate a Bayesian framework to analyze ringdown gravitational waves from colliding binary black holes and test the no-hair theorem. The idea hinges on mode cleaning -- revealing subdominant oscillation modes by removing dominant ones…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-06 Sizheng Ma , Ling Sun , Yanbei Chen

Merging binary black holes exhibit a ringdown phase in which they primarily emit gravitational waves in the shape of damped sinusoids corresponding to quasi-normal modes of the Kerr remnant. In general, each mode carries four degrees of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-18 Nicole Khusid , Will Farr , Max Isi

The first spectral numerical simulations of 16 orbits, merger, and ringdown of an equal-mass non-spinning binary black hole system are presented. Gravitational waveforms from these simulations have accumulated numerical phase errors through…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-01-20 Mark A. Scheel , Michael Boyle , Tony Chu , Lawrence E. Kidder , Keith D. Matthews , Harald P. Pfeiffer

The ringdown signal emitted during a binary black hole coalescence can be modeled as a linear superposition of the characteristic damped modes of the remnant black hole that get excited during the merger phase. While checking the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-17 Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Swetha Bhagwat , Sumit Kumar , Paolo Pani

Several improvements in numerical methods and gauge choice are presented that make it possible now to perform simulations of the merger and ringdown phases of "generic" binary black-hole evolutions using the pseudo-spectral evolution code…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-29 Béla Szilágyi , Lee Lindblom , Mark A. Scheel

The post-merger signal in binary black hole merger is described by linear, black-hole perturbation theory. Historically, this has been modeled using the dominant positive-frequency (corotating) fundamental mode. Recently, there has been a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-26 Arnab Dhani

The higher-multipoles of gravitational wave signals from coalescing compact binaries play a vital role in the accurate reconstruction of source properties, bringing about a deeper and nuanced understanding of fundamental physics and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-17 Soumen Roy , Anand S. Sengupta , K. G. Arun

Modelling the end point of binary black hole mergers is a cornerstone of modern gravitational-wave astronomy. Extracting multiple quasinormal mode frequencies from the ringdown signal allows the remnant black hole to be studied in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

Observations of gravitational waves (GWs) generated by binary black hole (BBH) mergers provide us with a powerful way to explore the strong and highly dynamical regime of gravity theories. The ringdown of BBH merger, consisting of a series…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-24 Zexin Hu , Daniela D. Doneva , Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev , Lijing Shao

In general relativity, when two black holes merge they produce a rotating (Kerr) black hole remnant. According to perturbation theory, the remnant emits "ringdown" radiation: a superposition of exponentials with characteristic complex…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-15 Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav , Roberto Cotesta

Optimal extraction of information from gravitational-wave observations of binary black-hole coalescences requires detailed knowledge of the waveforms. Current approaches for representing waveform information are based on spin-weighted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-12 Bernard J. Kelly , John G. Baker

The coalescences of stellar-mass black-hole binaries through their inspiral, merger, and ringdown are among the most promising sources for ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. If a GW signal is observed with sufficient…

We perform Bayesian analysis of gravitational-wave signals from non-spinning, intermediate-mass black-hole binaries (IMBHBs) with observed total mass, $M_{\mathrm{obs}}$, from $50\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ to $500\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ and mass ratio…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-09-01 Philip B. Graff , Alessandra Buonanno , B. S. Sathyaprakash

Parameter estimation of binary-black-hole merger events in gravitational-wave data relies on matched-filtering techniques, which, in turn, depend on accurate model waveforms. Here we characterize the systematic biases introduced in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-08 Tyson B. Littenberg , John G. Baker , Alessandra Buonanno , Bernard J. Kelly

When two black holes merge, the late stage of gravitational wave emission is a superposition of exponentially damped sinusoids. According to the black hole no-hair theorem, this ringdown spectrum depends only on the mass and angular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-12 Collin D. Capano , Miriam Cabero , Julian Westerweck , Jahed Abedi , Shilpa Kastha , Alexander H. Nitz , Yi-Fan Wang , Alex B. Nielsen , Badri Krishnan

The direct discovery of gravitational waves from compact binary systems leads for the first time to explore the possibility of black hole spectroscopy. Newly formed black holes produced by coalescing events are copious emitters of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-05-24 Andrea Maselli , Kostas Kokkotas , Pablo Laguna

The ringdown of a perturbed black hole consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs), with complex frequencies determined by the black hole's mass and spin, while phases and amplitudes depend on binary parameters. Traditional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Koustav Chandra , Juan Calderón Bustillo