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Related papers: A Quasi-Local Mass

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In this note, we compute the limit of the Wang-Yau quasi-local mass on unit spheres at spatial infinity of an asymptotically flat initial data set. Similar to the small sphere limit of the Wang-Yau quasi-local mass, we prove that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-01-23 Po-Ning Chen , Mu-Tao Wang , Ye-Kai Wang , Shing-Tung Yau

Motivated by the important work of Brown adn York on quasilocal energy, we propose definitions of quasilocal energy and momentum surface energy of a spacelike 2-surface with positive intrinsic curvature in a spacetime. We show that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu , Shing-Tung Yau

We show that the quasilocal mass defined by Wang and Yau is not well-defined at spatial infinity. It approaches neither the ADM mass nor the ADM energy. We suggest an alternative scheme which retains all the desirable characteristics of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-13 Niall Ó Murchadha , Roh-Suan Tung , Naqing Xie

The positive energy theorems are a fundamental pillar in mathematical general relativity. Originally proved by Schoen-Yau and later Witten, these theorems were established for asymptotically flat manifolds where the metric tends to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Avalos , Eric Ling , Annachiara Piubello

We derive an expression for effective gravitational mass for any closed spacelike 2-surface. This effective gravitational energy is defined directly through the geometrical quantity of the freely falling 2-surface and thus is well adapted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Keita Ikumi , Tetsuya Shiromizu

We prove the following stronger verson of the positivity of quasi-local mass stated in gr-qc/0303019: the quasi-local energy (mass) of each connected component of the boundary of a compact spacelike hypersurface which satisfies the local…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu , Shing-Tung Yau

We construct new conserved quasi-local energies in general relativity using the formalism developed by \cite{CWY}. In particular, we use the optimal isometric embedding defined in \cite{yau,yau1} to transplant the conformal Killing fields…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-06 Puskar Mondal , Shing-Tung Yau

A key test for any quasi-local energy in general relativity is that it be nonnegative and satisfy a rigidity property; if it vanishes, the region enclosed is flat. We show that the Hawking energy, when evaluated on its natural…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Alejandro Peñuela Diaz

The energy of gravitating systems has been an issue since Einstein proposed general relativity: considered to be ill defined, having no proper local density. Energy-momentum is now regarded as \emph{quasi-local} (associated with a closed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-15 Chiang-Mei Chen , Jian-Liang Liu , James M. Nester

In this paper we would have a brief overview of several proposals of quasilocal mass which are based on Hamiltonian formulation. We also show the positivity of the Wang-Yau energy under a more general condition. We then further study the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Tin-Yau Tsang

We look at the strong field behavior of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy. In particular, we examine the limit of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy as the defining spacelike $2$-surface $\Sigma$ approaches an apparent horizon from outside.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-06 Bowen Zhao , Lars Andersson , Shing-Tung Yau

A new inequality for a nonlinear surface layer integral is proved for minimizers of causal variational principles. This inequality is applied to obtain a new proof of the positive mass theorem with volume constraint. Next, a positive mass…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-03-03 Felix Finster , Niky Kamran

We give a brief review of the definition of the Wang-Yau quasilocal mass and discuss the evaluation of which on surfaces of unit size at null infinity of an axi-symmetric spacetime in Bondi-van der Burg-Metzner coordinates.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-06-26 Po-Ning Chen , Mu-Tao Wang , Ye-Kai Wang , Shing-Tung Yau

We study the aspects of quasi-local energy associated with a $2-$surface $\Sigma$ bounding a space-like domain $\Omega$ of a physical $3+1$ dimensional spacetime in the regime of gravity coupled to a gauge field. The Wang-Yau quasi-local…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-15 Puskar Mondal , Shing-Tung Yau

We study a functional on the boundary of a compact Riemannian 3-manifold of nonnegative scalar curvature. The functional arises as the second variation of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy in general relativity. We prove that the functional…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-03-28 Pengzi Miao , Luen-Fai Tam

We study how the standard definitions of ADM mass and Brown-York quasi-local energy generalize to pure Lovelock gravity. The quasi-local energy is renormalized using the background subtraction prescription and we consider its limit for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-28 Jani Kastikainen

The rigidity of the spacetime positive mass theorem states that an initial data set $(M,g,k)$ satisfying the dominant energy condition with vanishing mass can be isometrically embedded into Minkowski space. This has been established by…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2022-08-05 Sven Hirsch , Yiyue Zhang

A quasi-local mass has been a long sought after quantity in general relativity. A recent candidate has been the Liu-Yau mass. One can show that the Liu-Yau mass of any two-surface is the maximum of the Brown-York energy for that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-06-11 Niall O Murchadha

In this paper, we obtain a positivity result of a quasi-local mass integral as proposed by Shi and Tam in general dimensions. The main argument is based on the monotonicity of a mass integral in a foliation of quasi-spherical metrics and a…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2013-04-30 Kwok-Kun Kwong

In this article, we compute the limit of the Wang--Yau quasi-local mass on a family of surfaces approaching the apparent horizon (the near horizon limit). Such limit is first considered in [1]. Recently, Pook-Kolb, Zhao, Andersson,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-07 Po-Ning Chen