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Automated essay scoring plays an important role in judging students' language abilities in education. Traditional approaches use handcrafted features to score and are time-consuming and complicated. Recently, neural network approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Data augmentation can mitigate limited training data in machine-learning automated scoring engines for constructed response items. This study seeks to determine how well three approaches to large language model prompting produce essays that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Edward W. Wolfe , Justin O. Barber

Automated Essay Scoring systems have traditionally focused on holistic scores, limiting their pedagogical usefulness, especially in the case of complex essay genres such as argumentative writing. In educational contexts, teachers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lucile Favero , Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz , Tanja Käser , Nuria Oliver

Grammatical error detection and automated essay scoring are two tasks in the area of automated assessment. Traditionally these tasks have been treated independently with different machine learning models and features used for each task. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Ronan Cummins , Marek Rei

Automated essay scoring is one of the most important problem in Natural Language Processing. It has been explored for a number of years, and it remains partially solved. In addition to its economic and educational usefulness, it presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kshitij Gupta

Autoraters, also referred to as LLM-as-judges, are increasingly used for evaluation and automated content moderation. However, there is limited statistical analysis of how modifications in a rubric presented to both humans and autoraters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jessica Huynh , Alfredo Gomez , Athiya Deviyani , Renee Shelby , Jeffrey P. Bigham , Fernando Diaz

LLM-based automated scoring approaches near-human performance, but scaling to new tasks remains bottlenecked by the per-item human configuration of upstream stages such as rubric construction. Human experts bypass this bottleneck through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yun Wang , Xin Xia , Xuansheng Wu , Xiaoming Zhai , Ninghao Liu

This paper surveys and organizes research works in an under-studied area, which we call automated evaluation for student argumentative writing. Unlike traditional automated writing evaluation that focuses on holistic essay scoring, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xinyu Wang , Yohan Lee , Juneyoung Park

Automated Essay scoring has been explored as a research and industry problem for over 50 years. It has drawn a lot of attention from the NLP community because of its clear educational value as a research area that can engender the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yann Hicke , Tonghua Tian , Karan Jha , Choong Hee Kim

This paper presents methods for improving automated essay scoring with techniques that address the computational trade-offs of self-attention and document length. To make Automated Essay Scoring (AES) more useful to practitioners,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Mike Hardy

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced from perception tasks to complex multi-step reasoning, yet reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) often leads to spurious reasoning since only the final-answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Ignacio Cases , Zheyuan Liu , Meng Jiang , Peng Qi

Grading of examination papers is a hectic, time-labor intensive task and is often subjected to inefficiency and bias in checking. This research project is a primitive experiment in the automation of grading of theoretical answers written in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Rahul Kr Chauhan , Ravinder Saharan , Siddhartha Singh , Priti Sharma

Rubric-based rewards offer a promising way to extend reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models beyond tasks with automatically verifiable answers. However, scaling rubric-based RL remains challenging: existing approaches often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Moxin Li , Yubo Ma , Yichang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Automated scoring of open-ended student responses has the potential to significantly reduce human grader effort. Recent advances in automated scoring often leverage textual representations based on pre-trained language models such as BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nigel Fernandez , Aritra Ghosh , Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Benoît Choffin , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the system need to be manually engineered by human experts. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Dimitrios Alikaniotis , Helen Yannakoudakis , Marek Rei

Automatic assessment of learner competencies is a fundamental task in intelligent tutoring systems. An assessment rubric typically and effectively describes relevant competencies and competence levels. This paper presents an approach to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Francesca Mangili , Giorgia Adorni , Alberto Piatti , Claudio Bonesana , Alessandro Antonucci

Manually grading the Response to Text Assessment (RTA) is labor intensive. Therefore, an automatic method is being developed for scoring analytical writing when the RTA is administered in large numbers of classrooms. Our long-term goal is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Haoran Zhang , Diane Litman

Automated writing evaluation systems can improve students' writing insofar as students attend to the feedback provided and revise their essay drafts in ways aligned with such feedback. Existing research on revision of argumentative writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Tazin Afrin , Elaine Wang , Diane Litman , Lindsay C. Matsumura , Richard Correnti

Automated scoring plays a crucial role in education by reducing the reliance on human raters, offering scalable and immediate evaluation of student work. While large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in this task, their use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yun Wang , Zhaojun Ding , Xuansheng Wu , Siyue Sun , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai
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