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Current software supply chains heavily rely on open-source packages hosted in public repositories. Given the popularity of ecosystems like npm and PyPI, malicious users started to spread malware by publishing open-source packages containing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Piergiorgio Ladisa , Serena Elisa Ponta , Nicola Ronzoni , Matias Martinez , Olivier Barais

The NPM ecosystem has become a primary target for software supply chain attacks, yet existing detection tools are evaluated in isolation on incompatible datasets, making cross-tool comparison unreliable. We conduct a benchmark-driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenbo Guo , Zhongwen Chen , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Shiwen Song , Chengyue Liu , Yijia Xu , Weisong Sun , Yang Liu

With the growing popularity of modularity in software development comes the rise of package managers and language ecosystems. Among them, npm stands out as the most extensive package manager, hosting more than 2 million third-party…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Cheng Huang , Nannan Wang , Ziyan Wang , Siqi Sun , Lingzi Li , Junren Chen , Qianchong Zhao , Jiaxuan Han , Zhen Yang , Lei Shi

Background. In modern software development, the use of external libraries and packages is increasingly prevalent, streamlining the software development process and enabling developers to deploy feature-rich systems with little coding. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Haya Samaana , Diego Elias Costa , Emad Shihab , Ahmad Abdellatif

The widespread adoption of open-source ecosystems enables developers to integrate third-party packages, but also exposes them to malicious packages crafted to execute harmful behavior via public repositories such as PyPI. Existing datasets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ahmed Ryan , Junaid Mansur Ifti , Md Erfan , Akond Ashfaque Ur Rahman , Md Rayhanur Rahman

Protecting software supply chains from malicious packages is paramount in the evolving landscape of software development. Attacks on the software supply chain involve attackers injecting harmful software into commonly used packages or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-13 S. Halder , M. Bewong , A. Mahboubi , Y. Jiang , R. Islam , Z. Islam , R. Ip , E. Ahmed , G. Ramachandran , A. Babar

Package managers such as NPM, Maven, and PyPI play a pivotal role in open-source software (OSS) ecosystems, streamlining the distribution and management of various freely available packages. The fine-grained details within software packages…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Xiaoyan Zhou , Feiran Liang , Zhaojie Xie , Yang Lan , Wenjia Niu , Jiqiang Liu , Haining Wang , Qiang Li

The prevalence of malicious packages in open-source repositories, such as PyPI, poses a critical threat to the software supply chain. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising tool for automated security tasks, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ahmed Ryan , Ibrahim Khalil , Abdullah Al Jahid , Md Erfan , Sungbin Park , Akond Ashfaque Ur Rahman , Md Rayhanur Rahman

PyPI provides a convenient and accessible package management platform to developers, enabling them to quickly implement specific functions and improve work efficiency. However, the rapid development of the PyPI ecosystem has led to a severe…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Wenbo Guo , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Cheng Huang , Yong Fang , Yang Liu

The Python Package Index (PyPI) has become a target for malicious actors, yet existing detection tools generate false positive rates of 15-30%, incorrectly flagging one-third of legitimate packages as malicious. This problem arises because…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Wenbo Guo , Chengwei Liu , Ming Kang , Yiran Zhang , Jiahui Wu , Zhengzi Xu , Vinay Sachidananda , Yang Liu

The exponential growth of open-source package ecosystems, particularly NPM and PyPI, has led to an alarming increase in software supply chain poisoning attacks. Existing static analysis methods struggle with high false positive rates and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xinyi Zheng , Chen Wei , Shenao Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Peiming Gao , Yuanchao Zhang , Kailong Wang , Haoyu Wang

Language-based ecosystems (LBE), i.e., software ecosystems based on a single programming language, are very common. Examples include the npm ecosystem for JavaScript, and PyPI for Python. These environments encourage code reuse between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ruturaj K. Vaidya , Lorenzo De Carli , Drew Davidson , Vaibhav Rastogi

The npm registry is one of the pillars of the JavaScript and TypeScript ecosystems, hosting over 1.7 million packages ranging from simple utility libraries to complex frameworks and entire applications. Due to the overwhelming popularity of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Adriana Sejfia , Max Schäfer

Malicious software packages in open-source ecosystems, such as PyPI, pose growing security risks. Unlike traditional vulnerabilities, these packages are intentionally designed to deceive users, making detection challenging due to evolving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Motunrayo Ibiyo , Thinakone Louangdy , Phuong T. Nguyen , Claudio Di Sipio , Davide Di Ruscio

The rise of supply chain attacks via malicious Python packages demands robust detection solutions. Current approaches, however, overlook two critical challenges: robustness against adversarial source code transformations and adaptability to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Biagio Montaruli , Luca Compagna , Serena Elisa Ponta , Davide Balzarotti

Open-source ecosystems such as NPM and PyPI are increasingly targeted by supply chain attacks, yet existing detection methods either depend on fragile handcrafted rules or data-driven features that fail to capture evolving attack semantics.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Wenbo Guo , Shiwen Song , Jiaxun Guo , Zhengzi Xu , Chengwei Liu , Haoran Ou , Mengmeng Ge , Yang Liu

Malicious Python packages make software supply chains vulnerable by exploiting trust in open-source repositories like Python Package Index (PyPI). Lack of real-time behavioral monitoring makes metadata inspection and static code analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Sk Tanzir Mehedi , Chadni Islam , Gowri Ramachandran , Raja Jurdak

Recently, the number of malicious open-source packages in package repositories has been increasing dramatically. While major security scanners focus on identifying known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) in open-source packages,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Thanh-Cong Nguyen , Ngoc-Thanh Nguyen , Van-Giau Ung , Duc-Ly Vu

Software engineers regularly use JavaScript and Python for both front-end and back-end automation tasks. On top of JavaScript and Python, there are several frameworks to facilitate automation tasks further. Some of these frameworks are Node…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Berkay Kaplan , Jingyu Qian

Malicious software, or malware, presents a continuously evolving challenge in computer security. These embedded snippets of code in the form of malicious files or hidden within legitimate files cause a major risk to systems with their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Rakshit Agrawal , Jack W. Stokes , Mady Marinescu , Karthik Selvaraj
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