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Causal inference with observational data can be performed under an assumption of no unobserved confounders (unconfoundedness assumption). There is, however, seldom clear subject-matter or empirical evidence for such an assumption. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-13 Minna Genbäck , Xavier de Luna

Treatment specific survival curves are an important tool to illustrate the treatment effect in studies with time-to-event outcomes. In non-randomized studies, unadjusted estimates can lead to biased depictions due to confounding. Multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-25 Robin Denz , Renate Klaaßen-Mielke , Nina Timmesfeld

Sensitivity analysis is important to assess the impact of unmeasured confounding in causal inference from observational studies. The marginal sensitivity model (MSM) provides a useful approach in quantifying the influence of unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-14 Yi Zhang , Wenfu Xu , Zhiqiang Tan

When exposure measurement error (EME), confounder measurement error (CME), or both are present, health effect estimates regarding exposure mixtures and critical exposure time-window may not represent the true effects. For example, in air…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Honghyok Kim

Measuring treatment effects in observational studies is challenging because of confounding bias. Confounding occurs when a variable affects both the treatment and the outcome. Traditional methods such as propensity score matching estimate…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-23 Bevan I. Smith , Charles Chimedza

This paper proposes a determined blind source separation method using Bayesian non-parametric modelling of sources. Conventionally source signals are separated from a given set of mixture signals by modelling them using non-negative matrix…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Chaitanya Narisetty , Tatsuya Komatsu , Reishi Kondo

The problem of adaptive sampling for estimating probability mass functions (pmf) uniformly well is considered. Performance of the sampling strategy is measured in terms of the worst-case mean squared error. A Bayesian variant of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-09 Dhruva Kartik , Neeraj Sood , Urbashi Mitra , Tara Javidi

Using observational data to estimate the effect of a treatment is a powerful tool for decision-making when randomized experiments are infeasible or costly. However, observational data often yields biased estimates of treatment effects,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-01 Tobias Hatt , Stefan Feuerriegel

This paper presents a novel nonlinear regression model for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects from observational data, geared specifically towards situations with small effect sizes, heterogeneous effects, and strong confounding.…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-14 P. Richard Hahn , Jared S. Murray , Carlos Carvalho

Two problems that arise in making causal inferences for non-mortality outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are unmeasured confounding and censoring by death, i.e., the outcome is only observed when subjects survive. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-20 Kwonsang Lee , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

This study aims to investigate the utilization of Bayesian techniques for the calibration of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers. These devices have garnered substantial interest in various practical applications and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Oliver Dürr , Po-Yu Fan , Zong-Xian Yin

Non-parametric maximum likelihood estimation encompasses a group of classic methods to estimate distribution-associated functions from potentially censored and truncated data, with extensive applications in survival analysis. These methods,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-05 Justin D. Tubbs , Lane Guolan Chen , Thuan Quoc Thach , Pak C. Sham

Clinical decision-making demands uncertainty quantification that provides both distribution-free coverage guarantees and risk-adaptive precision, requirements that existing methods fail to jointly satisfy. We present a hybrid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Marzieh Amiri Shahbazi , Ali Baheri , Nasibeh Azadeh-Fard

Assessing causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding is challenging. Although auxiliary variables, such as instrumental variables, are commonly used to identify causal effects, they are often unavailable in practice due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Kang Shuai , Shanshan Luo , Yue Zhang , Feng Xie , Yangbo He

Representing uncertainty in causal discovery is a crucial component for experimental design, and more broadly, for safe and reliable causal decision making. Bayesian Causal Discovery (BCD) offers a principled approach to encapsulating this…

Accurately knowing uncertainties in appearance-based gaze tracking is critical for ensuring reliable downstream applications. Due to the lack of individual uncertainty labels, current uncertainty-aware approaches adopt probabilistic models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Qiaojie Zheng , Jiucai Zhang , Xiaoli Zhang

Fairness for machine learning predictions is widely required in practice for legal, ethical, and societal reasons. Existing work typically focuses on settings without unobserved confounding, even though unobserved confounding can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Maresa Schröder , Dennis Frauen , Stefan Feuerriegel

This paper introduces a quasi-Bayesian method that integrates frequentist nonparametric estimation with Bayesian inference in a two-stage process. Applied to an endogenous discrete choice model, the approach first uses kernel or sieve…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-20 Ruixuan Liu , Zhengfei Yu

Bayesian methods have been very successful in quantifying uncertainty in physics-based problems in parameter estimation and prediction. In these cases, physical measurements y are modeled as the best fit of a physics-based model…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-02-06 Dave Higdon , Jordan D. McDonnell , Nicolas Schunck , Jason Sarich , Stefan M. Wild

Assume we observe a finite number of inspection times together with information on whether a specific event has occurred before each of these times. Suppose replicated measurements are available on multiple event times. The set of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-11-17 Geurt Jongbloed , Frank van der Meulen , Lixue Pang