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Shapley effects are attracting increasing attention as sensitivity measures. When the value function is the conditional variance, they account for the individual and higher order effects of a model input. They are also well defined under…

Computation · Statistics 2021-10-13 Elmar Plischke , Giovanni Rabitti , Emanuele Borgonovo

Machine Learning (ML) is becoming increasingly popular in fluid dynamics. Powerful ML algorithms such as neural networks or ensemble methods are notoriously difficult to interpret. Here, we introduce the novel Shapley Additive Explanations…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-05-20 Martin Lellep , Jonathan Prexl , Bruno Eckhardt , Moritz Linkmann

Numerous works propose post-hoc, model-agnostic explanations for learning to rank, focusing on ordering entities by their relevance to a query through feature attribution methods. However, these attributions often weakly correlate or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tanya Chowdhury , Yair Zick , James Allan

Time-series forecasts are essential for planning and decision-making in many domains. Explainability is key to building user trust and meeting transparency requirements. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) is a popular explainable AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Matthias Hertel , Sebastian Pütz , Ralf Mikut , Veit Hagenmeyer , Benjamin Schäfer

Feature attributions based on the Shapley value are popular for explaining machine learning models; however, their estimation is complex from both a theoretical and computational standpoint. We disentangle this complexity into two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hugh Chen , Ian C. Covert , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Shapley value is a popular approach for measuring the influence of individual features. While Shapley feature attribution is built upon desiderata from game theory, some of its constraints may be less natural in certain machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

The Shapley value is a ubiquitous framework for attribution in machine learning, encompassing feature importance, data valuation, and causal inference. However, its exact computation is generally intractable, necessitating efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabian Fumagalli , Landon Butler , Justin Singh Kang , Kannan Ramchandran , R. Teal Witter

We propose and study a framework for quantifying the importance of the choices of parameter values to the result of a query over a database. These parameters occur as constants in logical queries, such as conjunctive queries. In our…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Amir Gilad , Martin Grohe , Benny Kimelfeld , Peter Lindner , Christoph Standke

The value and copyright of training data are crucial in the artificial intelligence industry. Service platforms should protect data providers' legitimate rights and fairly reward them for their contributions. Shapley value, a potent tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Haifeng Sun , Yu Xiong , Runze Wu , Xinyu Cai , Changjie Fan , Lan Zhang , Xiang-Yang Li

Thanks to its solid theoretical foundation, the SHAP framework is arguably one the most widely utilized frameworks for local explainability of ML models. Despite its popularity, its exact computation is known to be very challenging, proven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Reda Marzouk , Colin de La Higuera

As modern complex neural networks keep breaking records and solving harder problems, their predictions also become less and less intelligible. The current lack of interpretability often undermines the deployment of accurate machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Jacopo Teneggi , Alexandre Luster , Jeremias Sulam

In the context of unsupervised learning, effective clustering plays a vital role in revealing patterns and insights from unlabeled data. However, the success of clustering algorithms often depends on the relevance and contribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Fabian Galis , Darian Onchis

Unpacking and comprehending how black-box machine learning algorithms make decisions has been a persistent challenge for researchers and end-users. Explaining time-series predictive models is useful for clinical applications with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Amin Nayebi , Sindhu Tipirneni , Chandan K Reddy , Brandon Foreman , Vignesh Subbian

Interpretability is central for scientific machine learning, as understanding \emph{why} models make predictions enables hypothesis generation and validation. While tabular foundation models show strong performance, existing explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Luan Borges Teodoro Reis Sena , Francisco Galuppo Azevedo

Many existing interpretation methods are based on Partial Dependence (PD) functions that, for a pre-trained machine learning model, capture how a subset of the features affects the predictions by averaging over the remaining features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinyang Liu , Tessa Steensgaard , Marvin N. Wright , Niklas Pfister , Munir Hiabu

Data valuation has found various applications in machine learning, such as data filtering, efficient learning and incentives for data sharing. The most popular current approach to data valuation is the Shapley value. While popular for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Lauren Watson , Zeno Kujawa , Rayna Andreeva , Hao-Tsung Yang , Tariq Elahi , Rik Sarkar

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The current state-of-the-art is the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) that locally explains variable impact on individual predictions,…

Feature selection is a crucial step in developing robust and powerful machine learning models. Feature selection techniques can be divided into two categories: filter and wrapper methods. While wrapper methods commonly result in strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Jarne Verhaeghe , Jeroen Van Der Donckt , Femke Ongenae , Sofie Van Hoecke

Explaining machine learning (ML) predictions has become crucial as ML models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. While SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is widely used for model interpretability, it fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Woon Yee Ng , Li Rong Wang , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

The use of Shap scores has become widespread in Explainable AI. However, their computation is in general intractable, in particular when done with a black-box classifier, such as neural network. Recent research has unveiled classes of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Leopoldo Bertossi , Jorge E. Leon