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In signed networks, each edge is labeled as either positive or negative. The edge sign captures the polarity of a relationship. Balance of signed networks is a well-studied property in graph theory. In a balanced (sub)graph, the vertices…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Kartik Sharma , Iqra Altaf Gillani , Sourav Medya , Sayan Ranu , Amitabha Bagchi

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable performance on tasks involving relational data. However, small perturbations to the graph structure can significantly alter GNN outputs, raising concerns about their robustness in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Bhavya Kohli , Biplab Sikdar

Signed networks are graphs whose edges are labelled with either a positive or a negative sign, and can be used to capture nuances in interactions that are missed by their unsigned counterparts. The concept of balance in signed graph theory…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Bruno Ordozgoiti , Antonis Matakos , Aristides Gionis

Signed graphs are widely used to analyze complex systems such as social, political, and biological networks. The notion of balance, a key concept of signed graphs, reflects the stability of relationships. While it has been extensively…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zeyu Wang , Kudria Sergei , Jingbang Chen , Jiawei Chen , Xinyu Wang , Xiaodong Luo , Can Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become indispensable tools for learning from graph structured data, catering to various applications such as social network analysis and fraud detection for financial services. At the heart of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zeyu Song , Ehsanul Kabir , Shagufta Mehnaz

Signed Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) are effective in learning expressive representations for signed graphs but typically require substantial task-specific labels, limiting their applicability in label-scarce industrial scenarios. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zian Zhai , Sima Qing , Xiaoyang Wang , Wenjie Zhang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown promising results on real-life datasets and applications, including healthcare, finance, and education. However, recent studies have shown that GNNs are highly vulnerable to attacks such as membership…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Iyiola E. Olatunji , Anmar Hizber , Oliver Sihlovec , Megha Khosla

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising results in various tasks such as node classification and graph classification. Recent studies find that GNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, effective backdoor attacks on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Enyan Dai , Minhua Lin , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

According to the so-called strong version of structural balance theory, actors in signed social networks avoid establishing triads with an odd number of negative links. Generalising, the weak version of balance theory allows for nodes to be…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-12-23 Anna Gallo , Diego Garlaschelli , Tiziano Squartini

Like Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), Signed Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) are also up against fairness issues from source data and typical aggregation method. In this paper, we are pioneering to make the investigation of fairness in SGNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Fang He , Jinhai Deng , Ruizhan Xue , Maojun Wang , Zeyu Zhang

Given a signed social graph, how can we learn appropriate node representations to infer the signs of missing edges? Signed social graphs have received considerable attention to model trust relationships. Learning node representations is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Jinhong Jung , Jaemin Yoo , U Kang

Signed Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) have recently gained attention as an effective tool for several learning tasks on signed networks, i.e., graphs where edges have an associated polarity. One of these tasks is to predict the polarity of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Marco Minici , Federico Cinus , Francesco Bonchi , Giuseppe Manco

We consider signed networks in which connections or edges can be either positive (friendship, trust, alliance) or negative (dislike, distrust, conflict). Early literature in graph theory theorized that such networks should display…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Alec Kirkley , George T. Cantwell , M. E. J. Newman

The problem of representing nodes in a signed network as low-dimensional vectors, known as signed network embedding (SNE), has garnered considerable attention in recent years. While several SNE methods based on graph convolutional networks…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Min-Jeong Kim , Yeon-Chang Lee , David Y. Kang , Sang-Wook Kim

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted substantial interest due to their exceptional performance on graph-based data. However, their robustness, especially on heterogeneous graphs, remains underexplored, particularly against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Honglin Gao , Xiang Li , Yajuan Sun , Gaoxi Xiao

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), a generalization of neural networks to graph-structured data, are often implemented using message passes between entities of a graph. While GNNs are effective for node classification, link prediction and graph…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-01 Uday Shankar Shanthamallu , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Andreas Spanias

Randomized smoothing is one of the most promising frameworks for certifying the adversarial robustness of machine learning models, including Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Yet, existing randomized smoothing certificates for GNNs are overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yan Scholten , Jan Schuchardt , Simon Geisler , Aleksandar Bojchevski , Stephan Günnemann

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a class of deep learning models capable of processing graph-structured data, and they have demonstrated significant performance in a variety of real-world applications. Recent studies have found that GNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jiazhu Dai , Haoyu Sun

Signed graphs are powerful models for representing complex relations with both positive and negative connections. Recently, Signed Graph Neural Networks (SGNNs) have emerged as potent tools for analyzing such graphs. To our knowledge, no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Zeyu Zhang , Lu Li , Xingyu Ji , Kaiqi Zhao , Xiaofeng Zhu , Philip S. Yu , Jiawei Li , Maojun Wang

Network embedding is aimed at mapping nodes in a network into low-dimensional vector representations. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have received widespread attention and lead to state-of-the-art performance in learning node representations.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Junjie Huang , Huawei Shen , Liang Hou , Xueqi Cheng