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One of the most central and controversial element of quantum mechanics is the use of non zero vectors of a Hilbert space (or, more generally, of one dimension subspaces) for representing the state of a quantum system. In particular, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Olivier Brunet

Quantum mechanics contains some strange unphysical concepts. Among these are complex numbers, Hilbert spaces with their unitary and self-adjoint operators, states represented by complex vectors, superpositions of states, collapse of wave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Stan Gudder

We present a heuristic derivation of Born's rule and unitary transforms in Quantum Mechanics, from a simple set of axioms built upon a physical phenomenology of quantization. This approach naturally leads to the usual quantum formalism,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-04 Alexia Auffeves , Philippe Grangier

We develop and defend the thesis that the Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics is a new theory of probability. The theory, like its classical counterpart, consists of an algebra of events, and the probability measures defined on it.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Itamar Pitowsky

Five physical assumptions are proposed that together entail the general qualitative results, including the Born rule, of non-relativistic quantum mechanics by physical and information-theoretic reasoning alone. Two of these assumptions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-04 Chris Fields

The definition of a quantum system requires a Hilbert space, a way to define the dynamics, and an algebra of observables. The structure of the observable algebra is related to a tensor product decomposition of the Hilbert space and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-22 Gabriel M. Carral , Iñaki Garay , Francesca Vidotto

"Quantum mechanics must be regarded as open systems. On one hand, this is due to the fact that, like in classical physics, any realistic system is subjected to a coupling to an uncontrollable environment which influences it in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Nicolosi

We constructed a Hilbert space representation of a contextual Kolmogorov model. This representation is based on two fundamental observables -- in the standard quantum model these are position and momentum observables. This representation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrei Khrennikov

Modal interpretations have the ambition to construe quantum mechanics as an objective, man-independent description of physical reality. Their second leading idea is probabilism: quantum mechanics does not completely fix physical reality but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dennis Dieks

The crucial but very confidential fact is brought into evidence that, as Kolmogorov himself repeatedly claimed, the mathematical theory of probabilities cannot be applied to physical, factual probabilistic situations because the factual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-10 Mioara Mugur-Schachter

Quantum Mechanics (QM) is a quantum probability theory based on the density matrix. The possibility of applying classical probability theory, which is based on the probability distribution function(PDF), to describe quantum systems is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-09-12 Jinshan Wu , Shouyong Pei

Precise rules are developed in order to formalize the reasoning processes involved in standard non-relativistic quantum mechanics, with the help of analogies from classical physics. A classical or quantum description of a mechanical system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert B. Griffiths

Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitude, Born rule,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Skala , V. Kapsa

This paper argues that every quantum system can be understood as a sufficiently general kind of stochastic process unfolding in an old-fashioned configuration space according to ordinary notions of probability. This argument is based on an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-31 Jacob A. Barandes

According to a standard view, quantum mechanics (QM) is a contextual theory and quantum probability does not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms. We show, by considering the macroscopic contexts associated with measurement procedures and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-24 Claudio Garola

This Chapter develops a realist information-theoretic interpretation of the nonclassical features of quantum probabilities. On this view, what is fundamental in the transition from classical to quantum physics is the recognition that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-17 Jeffrey Bub

In this paper, we extend the standard formalism of quantum mechanics to a quantum theory for a total system including one internal measuring apparatus. The internality of the measuring apparatus implies that different decomposition of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-17 Wen-ge Wang

Bohmian mechanics represents the universe as a set of paths with a probability measure defined on it. The way in which a mathematical model of this kind can explain the observed phenomena of the universe is examined in general. It is shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-11-20 Bruno Galvan

We first recall a fact which is well-known among mathematical physicists although lesser-known among theoretical physicists that the standard quantum mechanics over a complex Hilbert space, is a Hamiltonian mechanics, regarding the Hilbert…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Seyed Ebrahim Akrami

We derive the Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics from epistemic principles. A key assumption is that a physical theory that relies on entities or distinctions that are unknowable in principle gives rise to wrong predictions. An…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-27 Per Östborn