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In this work we show that the size versus accuracy trade-off of neural network quantization can be significantly improved by increasing the quantization dimensionality. We propose the GPTVQ method, a new fast method for post-training vector…

This research aims to optimize intricate learning models by implementing quantization and bit-depth optimization techniques. The objective is to significantly cut time complexity while preserving model efficiency, thus addressing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mitul Goswami , Romit Chatterjee

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and LlaMA are advancing rapidly in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), but their immense size poses significant challenges, such as huge training and inference costs, substantial energy…

Deep Learning is moving to edge devices, ushering in a new age of distributed Artificial Intelligence (AI). The high demand of computational resources required by deep neural networks may be alleviated by approximate computing techniques,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Miguel de Prado , Maurizio Denna , Luca Benini , Nuria Pazos

We introduce a method that dramatically reduces fine-tuning VRAM requirements and rectifies quantization errors in quantized Large Language Models. First, we develop an extremely memory-efficient fine-tuning (EMEF) method for quantized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuji Chai , John Gkountouras , Glenn G. Ko , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Despite the success of CNN models on a variety of Image classification and segmentation tasks, their extensive computational and storage demands pose considerable challenges for real-world deployment on resource-constrained devices.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Ahmed Luqman , Khuzemah Qazi , Murray Patterson , Malik Jahan Khan , Imdadullah Khan

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), numerous Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) strategies have been proposed to alleviate deployment barriers created by their enormous parameter counts. Quantization achieves compression by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Wonjun Bang , Jongseok Park , Hongseung Yu , Kyungmin Bin , Kyunghan Lee

Large language models(LLMs) exhibit excellent performance across a variety of tasks, but they come with significant computational and storage costs. Quantizing these models is an effective way to alleviate this issue. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Baisong Li , Xingwang Wang , Haixiao Xu

Language Models (LLMs) are often quantized to lower precision to reduce the memory cost and latency in inference. However, quantization often degrades model performance, thus fine-tuning is required for various down-stream tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiajun Zhou , Yifan Yang , Kai Zhen , Ziyue Liu , Yequan Zhao , Ershad Banijamali , Athanasios Mouchtaris , Ngai Wong , Zheng Zhang

Model quantization has become a crucial technique to address the issues of large memory consumption and long inference times associated with LLMs. Mixed-precision quantization, which distinguishes between important and unimportant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yifan Tan , Haoze Wang , Chao Yan , Yangdong Deng

Methods based on weight compensation, which iteratively apply quantization and weight compensation to minimize the output error, have recently demonstrated remarkable success in quantizing Large Language Models (LLMs). The representative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Shuaiting Li , Juncan Deng , Kedong Xu , Rongtao Deng , Hong Gu , Minghan Jiang , Haibin Shen , Kejie Huang

Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell

Large reasoning models (LRMs) reach competition-level math and coding accuracy via long autoregressive decoding, making per-token decoding cost a primary deployment concern. Weight quantization is the standard tool for acceleration, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Euntae Choi , Sumin Song , Sungjoo Yoo

Quantization is widely used to accelerate inference and streamline the deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet its effects on self-explanations (SEs) remain unexplored. SEs, generated by LLMs to justify their own outputs, require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Qianli Wang , Nils Feldhus , Pepa Atanasova , Fedor Splitt , Simon Ostermann , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly advanced the natural language processing paradigm. However, the high computational load and huge model sizes pose a grand challenge for deployment on edge devices. To this end, we propose APTQ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Ziyi Guan , Hantao Huang , Yupeng Su , Hong Huang , Ngai Wong , Hao Yu

Scaling model size significantly challenges the deployment and inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). Due to the redundancy in LLM weights, recent research has focused on pushing weight-only quantization to extremely low-bit (even down…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yifei Liu , Jicheng Wen , Yang Wang , Shengyu Ye , Li Lyna Zhang , Ting Cao , Cheng Li , Mao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks but face deployment challenges due to hardware constraints. We propose density-aware post-training weight-only quantization (DAQ), which has two stages: 1) density-centric alignment, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yingsong Luo , Ling Chen

In edge-cloud speculative decoding (SD), edge devices equipped with small language models (SLMs) generate draft tokens that are verified by large language models (LLMs) in the cloud. A key bottleneck in such systems is the limited…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Guangyi Zhang , Yunlong Cai , Guanding Yu , Petar Popovski , Osvaldo Simeone

Model quantization has become essential for efficient large language model deployment, yet existing approaches involve clear trade-offs: methods such as GPTQ and AWQ achieve practical compression but are lossy, while lossless techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Michael Helcig , Eldar Kurtic , Dan Alistarh

While transformer-based pre-trained language models (PLMs) have dominated a number of NLP applications, these models are heavy to deploy and expensive to use. Therefore, effectively compressing large-scale PLMs becomes an increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Zhuocheng Gong , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Yang Yang , Jingang Wang , Wei Wu , Yunsen Xian , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan